Ministerial guidelines
Development Plans: Guidelines for Planning Authorities
How a council prepares its development plan: the core strategy, mandatory objectives, consultation and monitoring.
Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage · June 2022 · 136 pages
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- Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities | 86 Mandatory Objectives: Communities and People | 7 7.5 Mandatory objective: Traveller Accommodation Section 10(2)(i) of the Act requires that a development plan shall include objectives for: “the provision of accommodation for travellers, and the use of particular areas for that purpose.” The Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act 1998 provides the legislative framework within which the accommodation needs of travellers will be met. The Act requires relevant local authorities to prepare and adopt five-year programmes to meet the existing and projected accommodation needs of travellers in their areas. Accommodation to be provided will range from standard local authority or voluntary housing, group housing, permanent residential caravan parks and sites with limited facilities. The land-use aspects of adopted programmes should be reflected in the development plan, having regard to the Housing Strategy, which is informed by a robust evidence base in the form of the Housing Need Demand Assessment (HNDA). This should take the form of objectives that clearly set out the approach of the development plan in addressing the accommodation needs of the traveller community and an indication of the specific locations of known traveller accommodation projects. To support the identification of additional locations for such projects, zoning policies should also be drawn up in a flexible manner to reflect the need to secure additional traveller accommodation over the lifetime of the plan. The Office of the Planning Regulator (OPR) have prepared a Case Study Paper ‘Traveller Accommodation and the Local Authority Development Plan’ to highlight best practice and support planning authorities in the development of Traveller accommodation policies and objectives in development plans25.22 25 https://publications.opr.ie/view-file/70 OPR Case Study Paper CSP03 Traveller Accommodation and the Local Authority Development Plan October 2021
- | Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities | Mandatory Objectives: Communities and People7.6 Mandatory objective: Gaeltacht Areas Section 10(2)(m) of the Act requires that a development plan shall include objectives for: “the protection of the linguistic and cultural heritage of the Gaeltacht including the promotion of Irish as the community language, where there is a Gaeltacht area in the area of the development plan.” Gaeltacht areas form a unique part of our Irish cultural and linguistic heritage and development plans have a role to play in their protection, enhancement and development. The Gaeltacht Act 2012 gives statutory effect to the implementation of the Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030, where it is stated that “under the new Act, a language planning process will be instigated whereby a language plan will be prepared at community level for each Gaeltacht district”, coordinated by Údarás na Gaeltachta. Under the Act, an integrated language plan can include proposals for, among other issues, physical planning and development. The development plan should have regard to the provisions of the Language Plan and include objectives to support the promotion of the Irish language in the Gaeltacht. Development plans should include a comprehensive dedicated section for An Ghaeltacht that includes mapping identifying the Gaeltacht area(s); (a) reflects the Gaeltacht Language Planning Areas (Limistéar Pleanála Teanga – LPTs); (b) the relevant policies included therein; (c) include further policies that ensure the following: (i) The settlements located within Gaeltacht areas are specifically identified and, aligned to the core strategy, their role in sustaining and enhancing the language and its cultural and linguistic integrity is protected; (ii) In cases where Gaeltacht areas including the Language Planning Areas (Limistéir Phleanála Teanga - LPTs) straddle administrative boundaries, a co-ordinated policy approach will be required between the relevant local authorities and this must be reflected in their respective development plans; (iii) As a means to contribute to the protection of the Irish language, development plan policy for Gaeltacht areas provide clarity in relation to the requirements for new residential development in Gaeltacht areas. The planning authority shall ensure that policies in Gaeltacht areas prioritise the protection of the language; (iv) That development proposals in Gaeltacht areas have a positive impact on the linguistic and cultural heritage that can be robustly assessed at planning application stage - some forms or scales of development may not be appropriate; (v) The needs of the community in land-use terms for housing, jobs, recreational and community facilities are clearly identified and provided for. Housing strategies should have particular regard to the needs of Gaeltacht residents; (vi) Linguistic and cultural tourism projects and associated commercial schemes are positively promoted and facilitated. Zoning and development control policies and standards should be applied in a flexible manner to ensure that plans do not inhibit suitable schemes; and (vii) The use of the Irish language is promoted in the design of developments e.g. business advertising, recreational and community facilities are clearly identified and provided and shop-front signage should be in the Irish language. In drafting and coordinating the development plan material for An Ghaeltacht, it is recommended that the development plan team engages with the Irish Language Officer, where this expertise is available, to ensure that the Gaeltacht policies and objectives have the required input to prepare a fully considered and appropriate policy. Section 28 Guidelines for planning matters in Gaeltacht areas will be drafted to give further detail on specific matters related to the Irish language in the planning system to ensure consistency and provide specific guidance. 87 7
- Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities |88Purpose of the Development Plan | 1 4 8 Mandatory Objectives: Climate and Environment
- | Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities | Mandatory Objectives: Climate and Environment 89 8 8. Mandatory Objectives: Climate and Environment 8.1 Mandatory Objective: Climate Action Scientific evidence and observations are clear that warming of the climate system is unequivocal and points to the contribution of human caused (anthropogenic) greenhouse gas emissions increasing the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Globally, scientific observations show an increase in global mean air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, rising sea level and an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of extreme weather events. The negative impacts of a changing climate are being experienced in Ireland and are expected to continue and intensify. 8.1.1 Climate Action Responding to the challenge of climate change requires a dual approach of both mitigation (tackling the cause) and adaptation measures (reducing the impacts and building adaptive capacity and resilience). • Climate Change Mitigation can be defined as ‘a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases’. • Climate Change Adaptation can be defined as ‘the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects’. Both mitigation and adaptation approaches are required in responding to climate change. The 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established the Paris Agreement to advance actions targeting decarbonisation efforts and adaptation measures. In Ireland, the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015 provides the statutory basis for actions consistent with the Paris Agreement objectives. The National Adaptation Framework and the Climate Action Plan are key instruments to achieve the transition to a low carbon and climate resilient economy: The National Adaptation Framework 2018, is the national strategy for the application of adaptation measures across various sectors and by local authorities to reduce the vulnerability of the State to the negative effects of climate change and to avail of any positive effects that may occur. The emphasis placed on local authorities, regions and key sectors is to assess the key risks and vulnerabilities of climate change, implement climate resilience actions and ensure climate adaptation considerations are mainstreamed into all local, regional and national policy. In addition, twelve Sectoral Adaptation Plans were published by government departments, setting out the approach being taken to address key risks and build resilience. The Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021 commits Ireland to a legally binding path to net-zero emissions no later than 2050, and to a 51% reduction in emissions by 2030. The Act requires that actions for each sector to help achieve the ‘National 2050 Climate Objective’ will be detailed in the national Climate Action Plan, which must be updated annually. Local authorities must also prepare individual Climate Action Plans that include both mitigation and adaptation measures, to be updated every five years. Local authority development plans must also be aligned with each local Climate Action Plan. Climate Action Plan (2021) sets out an ambitious course for national decarbonisation to deliver a scale up in emission performance across the sectors over the coming decade to meet 2030 targets and to set a trajectory to meet 2050 objectives. The plan also recognises the important role of local authorities in delivering key actions related to the built environment, energy, transport and waste management.
- Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities | 90 Mandatory Objectives: Climate and Environment | 8 8.1.2 Role of Spatial Planning in Climate Action Spatial Planning and particularly land-use planning is a key instrument by which both adaptation and mitigation measures can be delivered within the broader framework of sustainable development. Spatial planning offers a multi-faceted and evidenced-based approach for the integration and coordination of relevant ‘climate-proofed’ policies and investment decisions for the delivery of key projects and infrastructure at appropriate locations. The NPF confirms that the planning process provides an established means through which to implement and integrate climate change objectives, including adaptation, at local level and the transition to a Low Carbon and Climate Resilient Society. The NPF also states that; ‘in addition to legally binding targets agreed at EU level, it is a national objective for Ireland to transition to be a competitive low carbon, economy by the year 2050. There are a range of cross cutting National Policy Objectives included in the NPF, which address a variety of climate action issues including: • integrating climate action into the planning system in support of national targets for climate policy mitigation and adaptation objectives; • promoting renewable energy use and generation at appropriate locations within the built and natural environment; • ensuring flood risk management informs place-making by avoiding inappropriate development in areas at risk of flooding; • integrating sustainable water management solutions, such as Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUDS), permeable surfacing and green roofs, to create safe places; • integrating planning for Green Infrastructure and ecosystem services will be incorporated into the preparation of statutory land use plans; and • improving air quality and helping to prevent people being exposed to unacceptable levels of pollution in our urban and rural areas through integrated land use and spatial planning. In the context of planning for the mobilisation of mitigation and adaptation efforts at local level it will be important for planning authorities to recognise the multi-faceted impact of the climate challenge and the need to support the ability of all sectors, communities and individuals to scale up response efforts. • Mitigation: In tackling the cause(s) of climate change, planning authorities should provide for the development and implementation of innovative policy approaches that support the radical reduction of emissions and demand for energy at local level to help support the obligations of the State to meet its transition objectives. • Adaptation: To build resilience to the now inevitable effects of climate change (adaptation) spatial planning maintains a role to understand the key risks and vulnerabilities and integrate considerations of those key risks and vulnerabilities into land-use policy to inform effective local level decision making and enable the national adaptation objective of reducing the vulnerability of the State to the negative impacts of climate change. The leadership role of local authorities is fundamental to the overall delivery of national climate objectives. This has been reinforced by the commitment by all local authorities, by way of a Climate Action Charter, to a significant scale-up in efforts to deliver effective climate action across the extensive range of functions performed at local and regional levels. The role of planning as a regulatory function is highlighted in the Charter to assist in improving the climate outcomes of local authorities through both adaptation and mitigation measures. Four Climate Action Regional Offices (CAROs) have been co-ordinating the local authority response to climate change. The CAROs will lead the step-up in climate action within local authorities to pursue adaptation and mitigation measures and assist in building capacity within local authorities to engage effectively with climate change. As climate action is now a key responsibility of local government, all planning authorities must play a key role in the achievement of broader local, regional, national and international decarbonisation objectives and to help build resilience to the negative impacts of climate change at local level. ‘A Profile of Local Government Climate Action in Ireland’, 2020 by the Local Government Management Agency (LGMA) outlines the range of actions local authorities have undertaken nationally to tackle climate change and promote climate action. Leadership Role of Local Authorities
- | Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities | Mandatory Objectives: Climate and Environment 91 8 8.1.3 The Role of the Development Plan in Climate Action The development plan provides an opportunity to focus on particular land-use aspects of climate action (and the local authority’s own climate action plan) and how the planning system can be utilised to effect positive change and action. The statutory requirements of the development plan in relation to climate action are set out as a mandatory objective in the Planning and Development Act 2000 (as amended): Section 10(2)(n) of the Act requires that a development plan shall include objectives for: the promotion of sustainable settlement and transportation strategies in urban and rural areas including the promotion of measures to — (i) reduce energy demand in response to the likelihood of increases in energy and other costs due to long-term decline in non-renewable resources, (ii) reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and address the necessity of adaptation to climate change, taking account of the local authority climate action plan (within the meaning of section 14B of the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015), where such a plan has been made for the area in question; in particular, having regard to location, layout and design of new development The development plan can also assist the wider efforts of the local authority to reduce carbon in a holistic manner across all sectors. Local authority-led proposals to establish ‘de-carbonisation zones’ involving a range of initiatives with local community and business interest groups can be given support through related policies and objectives. 8.1.4 Compact Growth and Sustainable Mobility The key focus of Objective 10(2)(n) is to promote sustainable settlement and transportation strategies in urban and rural areas, in particular in relation to the location, layout and design of development. The Objective also requires that these strategies should include measures to reduce energy demand, to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and to address the need to adapt to climate change. These strategies and measures, formulated in the development plan, will equate to a significant element of the local authority’s overall climate action response, and will, over time, result in meaningful change to the current trajectory of Ireland’s contribution to and ability to deal with the effects of climate change. The NPF sets out the problems associated with the historic pattern of development in Ireland, where the fastest growing areas are at the edges of and outside our cities and towns, primarily on greenfield sites. As a result, it is difficult to provide an effective and efficient public transport network, there are very high levels of car dependence and infrastructure and services are constantly needing to catch-up with development. This greenfield sprawl that extends the physical footprint of our urban areas results in a significantly higher carbon footprint than the EU average, in part due to higher transport and energy demand, mostly based on fossil fuels. The relationship between settlement patterns, namely the location of development, and transport in contributing to the demand for energy and increases in greenhouse gas emissions is clear. As noted elsewhere in these Guidelines, the NPF requires a shift in settlement patterns to provide a more compact form of growth through the preparation of the core and settlement strategy elements of the development plan. This critical element of climate action seeks to change the prevailing pattern of more dispersed development and the resultant inefficient and carbon heavy commuting patterns. The delivery of compact growth is also supported by the Town Centre First policy to drive regeneration and address vacancy and dereliction in urban centres. The planning authority should have the delivery of compact growth as a central tenet of its policy in tackling climate change. Over time, it is anticipated that modelling and data analysis will facilitate the local authority in monitoring changes in settlement patterns and demonstrate the positive effects of a more compact form of growth in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.
- Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities | 92 Mandatory Objectives: Climate and Environment | 8 8.1.5 Importance of Sustainable Transport Measures The delivery of public transport and its integration with the location of new development is a key element of the development plan. At the local level, sustainable mobility should also incorporate strategies to promote cycling and walking, to reduce overall reliance on motorised transport. By facilitating people to live in close proximity to places of work, local services and where they spend their leisure time, overall demand for travel will reduce. Reduced car parking provision can, in appropriate locations, encourage use of other more sustainable modes of transport. Where car parking is provided, policies to promote measures that facilitate electric vehicles (EVs - such as dedicated parking and charging points) can also be encouraged including the formulation of standards and provision of networks for this purpose. In this regard ‘Local Authority Electrification of Fleet and EV Charging Guidance Document’, produced jointly by the LGMA, CCMA and Local Authorities Ireland, is a useful resource which may inform the development of relevant policies of the development plan. Plans may also wish to encourage proactive measures such as area or community-based travel and mobility plans, which can be linked to forward planning and transportation strategies. Increase in the take up of remote working, co-working (such as through incubation/innovation hubs/spaces) can result in a decrease in long distance commuting trips or reverse commuting patterns and the impact of these factors may also be considered. Understandably, the issues faced by urban local authorities will differ from those in more rural locations, as will the opportunities and capacity for change. In addition, the planning authority and accordingly the development plan may not have direct control over decisions surrounding the delivery of sustainable transport options. Notwithstanding this, the development plan can influence the relationship between settlement patterns and accessibility to sustainable mobility opportunities as they arise. Likewise, more compact forms of settlement will, over time, facilitate the critical mass required to justify investment in improved public transport infrastructure. Development Plan as an enabler for Climate Action Many solutions can both mitigate climate change and help us adapt to impacts at the same time Mitigation Objectives Adaptation Objectives Nature Based Solutions Flooding and Water Management Climate Change as an OpportunityEnergy and Renewables Sustainable Transport Compact Growth
- | Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities | Mandatory Objectives: Climate and Environment8.1.6 Energy Related Objectives Ireland’s projected future population and economic growth will result in increased demand for energy. The development plan must therefore facilitate energy generation from more sustainable forms of production. In addition, the location, layout and design of development can influence the more efficient use of energy by future development. In terms of energy production, transition to a low carbon economy requires a shift from predominantly fossil fuels to predominantly renewable energy sources. Accordingly, pro-active planning for the development and deployment of technologies such as wind, solar, hydro, ocean and bio energy projects to make use of available resources and generate electricity in appropriate locations is required. Planning authorities should consider the potential contribution that their development plan can make towards meeting the targets set out within the Climate Action Plan and any revision or update to same with regard to renewable energy and related Government policy. The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) have published a ‘Methodology for Local Authority Renewable Energy Strategies (LARES)’ to assist local authorities in the preparation of more robust, co-ordinated and consistent renewable energy strategies for their areas. Renewable Energy Strategies should be prepared in line with the SEAI methodology. These strategies should inform the development plan on how each local authority area can contribute to realising overall national targets on renewable energy and climate change mitigation and in particular wind energy production and the potential wind energy resource (in megawatts). Specific targets, in this regard, are to be included. In parallel with the above, updated Wind Energy Development Guidelines are being prepared. In addition to the promotion of medium to large-scale electricity generating projects, the consideration of regional and local renewable energy strategies and decentralised measures relating to energy production and efficiency will be necessary. For example, a Strategic Energy Zone may be promoted to support the delivery of renewable energy projects. In addition, the use of centralised renewable energy sources contributing to a heat distribution system serving all dwelling units in a district, an area, a development or part of a development, e.g. an apartment block, may prove to be more practicable than providing separate renewable energy for each dwelling individually. Such measures could include district heating systems or combined heat and power systems, depending on the scale and nature of the development. Planning authorities may also wish to consider the use of heat mapping to allow for the identification of local waste heat sources which may identify useful connections and co-location between supply and demand for energy, and could link to district heating systems. These energy-related policies and objectives should be integrated into the mandatory objectives of the development plan for infrastructure under section 10(2) (b) of the Act. 93 8
- 8.1.7 The role of Nature-based Solutions While acknowledging that energy demands will result from future development, it is important to recognise the potential for the natural environment to act as a moderator of climate change, whilst taking into account the need to adapt to the inevitable effects. Green infrastructure includes urban and rural components, ranging from the designed to the more natural. Types of green infrastructure include: agricultural land, allotments, community gardens and urban farms, cemeteries, churchyards and burial grounds, coastal habitats, derelict land, general amenity spaces, grasslands, heathlands, peatlands and scrublands, green roofs, institutional grounds, orchards, outdoor sports facilities, parks and public gardens, private domestic gardens, street trees, water bodies and courses, wetlands, and woodlands. Green infrastructure can act as a carbon pool or sink which absorbs emissions and thereby helps to avoid an increase in emissions overall. It creates a more diverse habitat, which has a positive impact on biodiversity and related ecosystem services such as pollination and natural pest control. Green infrastructure can also assist in managing high temperatures, particularly in urban areas, by providing evaporative cooling and shading. Strategically reducing the extent of development on greenfield land will also contribute towards a more compact pattern of development. This can include reducing the need to travel by car through the provision of local recreation areas and green travel routes to encourage walking and cycling. It is however critical to ensure that, when striving to achieve a more compact settlement pattern, an appropriate balance is struck between the extent of development and the ability of the natural environment to accommodate this growth. For example, increased compact growth formats of development should be supported with sustainable green infrastructure and with consideration of water demand and management. Adaptation benefits of green infrastructure include flood prevention and storage capacity, reducing and slowing down peak flows, thereby helping to alleviate flooding. Just as natural floodplains, which allow rivers to over-bank and flood their land temporarily, naturally occurring green infrastructure (Dune systems, wetlands and salt marshes) along the coast provides a service that helps to manage coastal flooding. Green infrastructure, as part of a Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS), has a substantial role to play in reducing flood risk. It reduces the rate and volume of water entering the drains by intercepting it, providing temporary and permanent storage areas, and allowing water to permeate into the ground rather than being directed to drains. Planning authorities should consider the appropriate inclusion of policies and objectives on these green infrastructure elements in their development plan. CASE STUDY : Cork City Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy The plan takes into account the ecosystem services that natural systems provide and promotes biodiversity and habitat connectivity as well as access to open spaces and recreation. The GBI Strategy identifies key blue infrastructure such as rivers, streams and wetlands along with traditional green infrastructure such as woodlands, parks and gardens This approach will enable the strategic investment and planning of GBI projects addressing biodiversity and climate action in Cork City and aligns with UN Strategic Development Goals (SDGs) to allow for the strategic consideration of life on land (SDG 15) with life below water (SDG 14) in a holistic manner. Cork City Council prepared a Green and Blue Infrastructure (GBI) Strategy that considers GBI opportunities in Cork City not only for the 2022-2028 Development Plan, but also over successive plan periods up to 2040 to achieve a healthy, green and connected city. Source: Cork City Development Plan corkcity.ie Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities | 94 Mandatory Objectives: Climate and Environment | 8
- | Development Plan Guidelines for Planning Authorities | Mandatory Objectives: Climate and Environment 95 8 8.1.8 Flooding and Water Management in Mitigating and Adapting to Climate Change Planning for adaptation to climate change requires the development of long-term, wide-ranging strategies, setting out how we might effect a transition towards a climate resilient future. The development plan should address flood risk management in responding and adapting to climate change with its increased flood risk for communities and infrastructure along rivers, estuaries and the coast with accelerating rates of coastal erosion; threatening coastal habitats and environment. In particular, the NMPF is an important policy context for such issues in planning authorities with stretches of national coastline. The ‘Flood Risk Management, Guidelines for Planning Authorities’ (2009)2623provide assistance to planning authorities in preparing development plans, including the undertaking of flood risk assessments. In terms of flood prevention, a risk-based approach is recommended whereby flood-sensitive development should avoid flood-prone areas, based on classifications of land-use vulnerability and flood zones. On an exceptional basis, town centre development in flood prone areas may be appropriate (subject to a justification test), provided the risk is managed. The on-going National Catchment-based Flood Risk Assessment and Management (CFRAM) Programme of the OPW is an important resource for planning authorities in relation to flood risk. CFRAM has identified and mapped the existing and potential future flood hazard and flood risk in the areas at potentially significant risk from flooding (Areas for Further Assessment (AFAs). It also has also identified feasible structural and non-structural measures to effectively manage the assessed risk in each of the AFAs and prepared a set of Flood Risk Management Plans (FRMPs) and associated Strategic Environmental and Habitats Directive (Appropriate) Assessments that set out the proposed feasible measures and actions to manage the flood risk in these areas and their river catchments. Climate Change will have significant impacts on flooding, flood risk and flood risk management. The work of the OPW and their resources, maps and assessments provide valuable information for a planning authority in examining flood risk and devising related and strengthened objectives and policies in their development plan for adaptation against increasing flood risks due to climate change. The planning authority should engage at an early stage with the OPW in relation to the Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (SFRA) to be undertaken as part of the development plan process. The Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage have also produced a Best Practice Interim Guidance Document 'Nature-based Solutions to the Management of Rainwater and Surface Water Runoff in Urban Areas' (2022). This guidance promotes a more systemic and plan-led approach to water sensitive urban design that combines nature-based solutions with spatial planning, particularly at the level of the urban settlement, large or small. 26 prepared in conjunction with the OPW and published under Section 28 of the Act. CASE STUDY : Case Study –Planning for Watercourses in the Urban Environment The Guide recommends development standards, policies and objectives be set per watercourse. These can be mapped and integrated with flood risk, Natura 2000 designated sites, habitat and amenities mapping. Planning authorities should incorporate a nature based approach using softengineering techniques and native vegetation to minimise the impact of development planning on natural river processes. The incorporation of the riparian zone into a network of linear parks, walks and cycle routes in the urban environment can also improve the amenity value of a site and bring significant health and well-being benefits for the public. Taking this multifunctional zoned approach to riparian protection, not only makes space for water providing for better climate resilience but also leads to better place-making and integrates well with broader nature-based solutions to surface water management and Rainwater Management Planning for urban areas. Rivers, lakes and streams are an integral part of our environment and if managed appropriately can significantly improve the quality of life for people in urban areas. This should be an objective within all development plans. This guideline document by Inland Fisheries Ireland27 sets out guidance to protect the riparian zone that runs along a watercourse through the use of buffer zones, nature based Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), instream rehabilitation, climate/ flood risk and recreational planning. Source: Inland Fisheries Ireland www.fisheriesireland.ie 27 www.fisheriesireland.ie/what-we-do/protection/environmental-protection/guidance-for-urban-watercourses
Source Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage: Development Plans: Guidelines for Planning Authorities (June 2022) · Licence the publisher's termsText read from the publisher’s PDF; tables, maps and drawings do not survive as text, and page numbers are the PDF’s (its first page is 1). Check the original before relying on a passage.