Design manual
Design Manual for Urban Roads and Streets
The design of roads and streets within urban speed limits.
Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport and Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government · 2019 (version 1.1) · 165 pages
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- Active Streets Streets where building edges/frontages are orientated toward, and are directly accessible from, the street by foot to promote pedestrian activity. Animation The creation of an interface with the street via a range of architectural treatments that promote the physical and visual accessibility to interior activities, such as openings and shop fronts. Boulevard A street type that generally consist of well planted medians and/or verges that provide a buffer between a heavily trafficked carriageway and the surrounding environment. Carriageway The section of a street or road that is primarily used by motor vehicles (but may also be used by pedestrians and cyclists). Connectivity How easily and directly users are able to move through street networks (see also Permeability and Legibility) Corner Radii The measure of how broad or tight corners are at a junction, measured from the outside of a kerb or the outside line of a cycle lane (where present). Cul-de-sac A street or road which terminates without connecting to another street (see also Vehicular Cul-de-sac) Cycle Friendly A street environment designed to allow cyclists to move about in safety and comfort. Design Speed The maximum speed at which it is envisaged/ intended that the majority of vehicles will travel under normal conditions. Desire Lines Normally the shortest route from one place to another, but can be the most convenient, easy to use or comfortable route. Enclosure (Sense of) A condition created by providing a continuous line of buildings and/or street trees that has the effect of calming and creating a greater perception of safety, especially for pedestrians. Footpaths The area within a street reserve that is generally reserved for pedestrian use. Footway The main section of the footpath along which people walk. Homezone A type of Shared Surface Street in a residential area which may also include items of street furniture that would normally be used within areas of open spaces. Horizontal Alignment Horizontal alignment refers to the directional transition of a road or street in the horizontal plane. In essence a horizontal alignment consists of straight sections joined by curves. Horizontal Deflections Changes that occur within the horizontal alignment of the carriageway, such as pinch points, which slow vehicles and require drivers to change direction. Human Scale A person’s perception of the size, scale, height, bulk and/or massing of buildings and other features of the built environment. GLOSSARY
- Integration (Integrated Streets) Streets where real and perceived barriers to movement within and between modes of transport are removed to promote improved interaction between users in a safe and trafficcalmed environment. An integrated approach to street design also includes a more holistic view of the street and a more collaborative approach its design where factors such as the type of place and needs of all users are taken into account. Integrated Street Networks Highly connected street networks that support the integration of land use and transportation. Legibility The ease in which user can navigate a street or street network using series of environmental cues such as buildings, landscape treatments, materials and finishes. Mixed Use A development, street or broader area that contains a range of different land uses. Modal Shift A change in the method of transportation used by people. Multidisciplinary Approach A collaborative approach to design where the skills of a number of design professional are utilised to produce a design. Naked Street(s) A street or street network in which there is little or no regulatory signage and line marking. Nodes Major places of convergence and interchange between different forms of transportation. Passive Surveillance Overlooking of streets and spaces from adjoining buildings. Pedestrian Friendly A street environment designed to make pedestrians feel safe and secure and allow them to move about with relative ease. Place (Sense of) The character or characteristics of an area in relation to how it is perceived by a user. Pedestrianised Streets Streets that are designated for pedestrian use only, although emergency access and limited access for service vehicles is provided. Permeability The degree to which an area has a variety of pleasant, convenient and safe routes through it. Self-Regulating Street A street where the environmental conditions and/or series of design measures are used to influence drivers behavior, minimising the use of physically intrusive measures or large amounts of regulatory signage and line marking. Segregated Street Networks Street networks where the movement of different modes of transport are restricted to a particular route based on purpose, destination and/or type. Segregation (Segregated Streets) Streets within which interactions between modes of transport are discouraged or prevented through the use of a series of barriers and other design measures. Severance Where the provision of road infrastructure (e.g. a distributor style road) bisects an area, making people movement within the area more difficult. Shared Space (Sense of) See Integration Shared Surface Streets A street where pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles share the main carriageway and where pedestrians have priority of movement over other uses. Speed (Very Low, Low, Moderate and High) Described within the context of cites, towns and villages as very low(<30km/h), low (30km/h), moderate (40-60km/h) and high (>60km/h). Stopping Sight Distance The distance ahead a driver needs to see in order to stop safely should an obstruction enter their path.
- Street Furniture Items placed within the street with the purpose of directing movement and/or enhancing its place value including public art, lighting, bollards, guardrails, seating and cycle parking. Sustainable Modes of Transportation Transportation which has a lower impact on the environment including walking, cycling and public transport. Sustainability Meeting today’s needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Sustainable Urban Drainage A drainage system which seeks to emulate or restoring a more natural hydrological regime so that the impact of urbanisation on downstream flooding and water quality is minimised. Updesign(ing) The application of standards intended for higher order roads/streets that detract from the sense of place and inappropriately increase design speeds. Vertical Alignment Vertical alignment refers to the change in elevation of a road or street along it’s longitudinal profile. A vertical alignment consists of a series of straight-line gradients that are connected by curves. Vertical Deflections Changes in level on a carriageway, such as raised tables, designed to slow vehicles. Visibility Splays Visibility splays are provided at junctions to provide sight lines towards and down intersecting streets to ensure that drivers have sufficient reaction time to stop should a vehicle enter their path (see also Forward Visibility and Stopping Sight Distance) Vulnerable Users Road users who are most at risk – pedestrians and cyclists, specifically children, the elderly and people with mobility impairments.
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- Adamstown Street Design Guide. 2010. South Dublin County Council. Air Quality in Ireland. 2009. Environmental Protection Agency. An Evidence Based Approach to Crime and Urban Design. 2009. Hillier and Sahbaz. Architectural Heritage Protection Guidelines for Planning Authorities. 2011. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Camden Streetscape Design Manual. 2005. London Borough of Camden Car Parking: What Works Where? 2006. English Partnerships. Circular RST 02/2011: Guidelines for the Setting of Special Speed Limits. 2010. Minister for Transport. Community Engagement in Plan Making. 2010. Planning Advisory Service (UK) Compensation Culture. 2006. House of Commons Constitutional Affairs Committee. Designs for Life: Learning from Best Practice Streetscape Design. 2007. Marceau, Bradbury, Hickman, Hamilton-Baillie. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. 1992. Department for Transport (UK) Designing Streets. 2010. Scottish Government. Designing the Future: Shared Space Qualitative Research. 2010. Department for Transport (UK). DfT Shared Space Project Stage 1: Appraisal of Shared Space. 2009. Department for Transport (UK). Effectiveness of Green Infrastructure for Improvement of Air Quality in Urban Street Canyons. 2012. Pugh, MacKenzie, Whyatt, Hewitt (Lancaster University). Fairness in Transport: Finding an alternative to car dependency. 2011. Sustainable Development Commission. Free Speed Survey (Urban and Rural). 2008. 2009. 2011. Roads Safety Authority. Greater Dublin Area Draft Transport Strategy 2011-2030. National Transport Authority. Greater Dublin Strategic Drainage Study. 2005. Dublin Drainage Consultancy. Guidelines for Planning Authorities on Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas (Cities, Towns & Villages). 2009. Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Guidelines on Effective Community Involvement and Consultation: Good Practice Note 1. 2005. Royal Town Planning Institute (UK). Guidance on the Assessment of Pedestrian Guardrail. 2012. Transport for London. High Risk Collision Sites and Y Distance Visibility. 2010. TMS Constancy. Highway Risk and Liability Claims, 2nd Edition. 2009. Highway Liability Joint Task Group (UK). Improving Traffic Behavior and Safety through Urban Design. 2005. Jones and Hamilton- Ballie. Layout and Design Factors Affecting Cycle Safety at T-Junctions. 1992. Henson and Whelan. Life Between Buildings. 1971. Jan Gehl. BIBLIOGRAPHY
- (Draft) Local Area Plans: Guidelines for Planning Authorities. 2012. Department for Environment, Community and Local Government. Local Transport Note 1/08: Traffic Management and Streetscape. 2008. Department for Transport (UK). Local Transport Note 2/09 Pedestrian Guardrailing. 2009. Department for Transport (UK). (Draft) Manual for Local Area Plans: A Companion Document to the Guidelines for Planning Authorities on Local Area Plans. 2012. Department for Environment, Community and Local Government. Manual for Streets. 2007. Department for Transport (UK). Manual for Streets 2 - Wider Application of the Principles. 2010. The Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation (UK). Manual for Streets: Evidence and Research (TRL Report 661). 2007. Department for Transport (UK). Manual for Streets: Redefining Residential Street Design. 2006. Transport Research Laboratory Ltd. National Cycle Manual. 2011. National Transport Agency. National Roads Authority Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. 2013. National Roads Authority. Natural Stone Surfacing: Good Practice Guide (SCOTS Guide). 2004. Society of Chief Officers of Transport in Scotland. Parking: What Works Where. 2006. English Partnerships. Paved with Gold: The Real Value of Good Street Design. 2007. Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (UK). Paving: the Conservation of Historic Ground Surfaces. Forthcoming in 2013. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.’ Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour at Signalised Crossings. 2008. Department for Transport (UK) and Imperial College of London. Planning Advice Note 81: Community Engagement in Plan Making. 2010. Planning Advisory Service (UK). Psychological Traffic Calming. 2005. Transport Research Laboratory. Residential Density Guidelines. 1999. Department of the Environment and Local Government. Road Safety Audits. 2012. Part of NRA DMRB Volume 5, Section 2, Part 2 NRA HD 19. Roads in Urban Areas. 1966. Ministry of Transport (UK). Road Safety Planning: New tools for Sustainable Road Safety and Community Development. 2007. Gordon Lovegrove. Smarter Travel - A Sustainable Transport Future: A New Transport Policy for Ireland 2009 - 2020. 2009. Department of Transport. Spatial Planning and National Roads: Guidelines for Planning Authorities. 2012. Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Streetscape Design Manual for Nottingham City Centre. 2006. Nottingham City Council The Visual and Social Problems of the Design of Residential Areas Today. 1976. Ruairi Quinn, ‘Streets for Living’ Conference. Traffic Advisory Leaflet 5/11 Quality Audits. 2011. Department for Transport. Traffic in Towns (also known as the Buchanan Report). 1963. Ministry of Transport (UK). Traffic Management Guidelines. 2003. Department of Transport and Department of the Environment and Local Government. Traffic in Villages: Safety and Civility for Rural Roads. 2011. Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership and Hamilton- Baillie Associates.
- Traffic Signs Manual. 2010. Department of Transport. Understanding Walking and Cycling. 2011. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Urban Design Compendium. 2000. English Partnerships. Urban Design Manual: A Best Practice Guide. 2009. Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Walking in Towns and Cities. 2011. UK Parliament Inquiry. Whose Street is it Anyway? Redefining Residential Street Design. 2006. Transport Research Laboratory.
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