Development plan · Galway City Council
Galway City Development Plan 2023–2029
The council's development plan written statement: its strategy, policies, objectives and development standards.
Galway City Council · 2023–2029 · 386 pages
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- Economy, Enterprise and RetailPolicy 6.1 General policy 1. Support and facilitate the role of Galway as a Regional City and driver of sustainable economic growth for the whole Northern and Western Region through the provision of balanced and sustainable economic and employment opportunities for development, enterprise, innovation and investment across all employment sectors consistent with the goals and objectives of the National Planning Framework and Regional Spatial and Economic Strategy, including Metropolitan Area Strategic Plan). 2. Support the ambitions for strong sustainable economic growth as set out in the Regional Policy Objectives of the Regional Spatial and Economic Strategy (RSES) and the Metropolitan Area Strategic Plan (MASP). 3. Ensure sufficient resources including land and infrastructure are available within the city to facilitate sustainable inward investment that will encourage the development of a resilient and diverse local enterprise sector and enhance economic opportunities on existing commercial and enterprise areas, on key Regeneration and Opportunity Sites and at other appropriate locations while facilitating integration between employment, housing and transport in particular sustainable transport modes. 4. Support the review and preparation of a new Local Economic and Community Plan (LECP) for the city to ensure the local level framework is in place to support sustainable economic growth and community improvements. 5. Provide for opportunities for growth, innovation and investment across all sectors in order to create a resilient and diverse city economy that will maximise high value employment opportunities for the entire workforce and facilitate measures for a just transition in society. 6. Maintain and enhance the attractiveness of the city and the quality of life it supports in order to sustain investment, quality employment opportunities and to attract and retain an appropriately skilled workforce. 7. Co-operate with IDA Ireland, Enterprise Ireland, the SME and entrepreneurial ecosystem, Galway County Council, Universities, Higher Institutes of Education, LEO, Solas and other agencies in meeting the needs of industry, training, reskilling and innovation. 8. Support measures that will enable decarbonisation of the economy and specific projects that that will help deliver the aims of the European Green Deal. 9. Enable a flexible approach to allow for ongoing technological transformation in the economy and rapid changes in working practices and business agility where these are not detrimental to amenity and support good live /work practices. 10. Co-operate with Galway County Council in the promotion and servicing of IDA lands, designated as business and technology parks at Parkmore, Athenry and Oranmore. 11. Sustain and expand the role of the city and MASP as a regional attractor for Foreign Direct Investment. 12. Facilitate strategic opportunities for job creation on designated lands at Rahoon/ Knocknacarra and at Ardaun enabling integration with adjacent existing and future settlements, while encouraging low carbon trip patterns and contributing to achieving the benefits of the “15 minute neighbourhood concept”. 13. Apply active land use mechanisms to facilitate development of lands at Rahoon and Knocknacarra through a co-ordinated approach in conjunction with the Council, landowners, Dept. of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, Irish Water, National Transport Authority to include third level institutions and the Department of Trade and Employment and other stakeholders. Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029 157
- Economy, Enterprise and Retail14. Facilitate the development of the designated District, Neighbourhood and Local centres at a scale appropriate to serve the associated catchment areas while encouraging low carbon trip patterns and contributing to achieving the benefits of the “15 minute neighbourhood concept”. 15. Support the economic performance of the city and the wider MASP through the implementation of the phased plan of transport measures as provided in the Galway Transport Strategy (GTS) including those relating to public transport, walking, cycling, and the N6 GCRR strategic road project. 6.2 Economic Activity Galway City plays an important regional role in providing for a diverse range of economic activities, services and employment opportunities and has considerable potential for further development and capacity for new enterprises. The CSO Census (2016) provides a sectoral breakdown of employment within the Galway City labour catchment relative to the national breakdown – see figure 6.1. It shows that the largest sector of employment within the city labour catchment is the services related ‘Education, Human Health and Social Work Activities’ which accounts for 26.6% (18,655) of the total working population of 44,376, approximately 4%, higher than the State average. This reflects the City’s position as a regional centre for health care and third level education. ‘Wholesale, Retail and Commerce’ (23.3% or 16,360) and ‘ICT and Professional Services’ (15.9% or 11,125) record as significant employment sectors with both below the State average and ‘Manufacturing Industries’ (18.3% or 12,855) is the fourth most important sector and is much higher than the State average of 13%, possibly reflecting the high levels of employment in the Med tech clusters in the city. Galway City Labour CatchmentState % of all resident workers Not Stated Agriculture, forestry and fishing Manufacturing Industries* Construction Whole, Retail etc** ICT and Professional Services*** Public Administration and Defence Education, Human Health and Social Work... Other Service Activities 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1.1 1.0 4.2 3.9 13.0 18.3 25.7 23.3 20.3 15.9 22.8 6.0 4.8 26.6 4.3 3.7 2.62.8 Figure 6.1: Industry Profile of those living in the Galway City Labour Catchment, 2016 Source: AIRO & CSO POWSCAR 158 Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029
- Economy, Enterprise and RetailThe GeoDirectory (2020 – Q3) records 3,669 commercial addresses in the city, an increase of almost 10% from the 2016 record in the previous plan. These economic activities span the city showing there are well defined concentrations of activity at particular locations. These are concentrated mainly in the city centre, suburban districts and neighbourhood centre areas, near college and hospital campuses, enterprise lands in the city and straddling the eastern boundary of the city. Figure 6.2 Galway City Showing Pattern of Commercial Activity - Source: Geo Directory NACE codes (2020) The city centre remains the focus of the main commercial activity. This reflects the concentration of the major retailers, the hospitality sector and the strong presence of health, educational and general professional services within the city core area. There is an emerging concentration of FDI and indigenous high tech office uses on regeneration lands in the centre. The city centre is also the recent location of a growing innovation district which hosts start-ups and incubator type enterprises. The main business and technology sector, including the clustering of the ICT and Med Tech and medical device manufacturers are located in the east of the city at the strategic employment sites in Ballybrit, Mervue, Parkmore and immediately outside of the city boundary towards Oranmore. The east side of the city also supports the main bulky goods, wholesale and motor trade activity and also the smaller manufacturing enterprises located at Liosbán and along and off the Tuam Road area. In addition, this side of the city supports significant employment at three strategic hospitals at Merlin Park, the Galway Clinic, and Bon Secours and also at ATU, a third level institution. The west of the city has a less dense employment environment than the east. Close to the city centre there is a significant concentration of health services at UHG and educational institutions at University of Galway and a cluster of large secondary schools on the periphery of Salthill. In addition there is a concentration of tourist accommodation and hospitality services reflecting the proximity of the attractive seaside location at Salthill. In the western suburbs and the more established suburbs closer to the city centre there are concentrations of activities in the district centres and also a legacy of smaller neighbourhood centres both of which support retail, general commercial and professional services. In contrast to the east the concentration of business parks is smaller and more diverse in nature. Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029 159
- Economy, Enterprise and Retail6.3 Employment Sectors & Clusters 6.3.1 Commercial Sector As referenced almost a quarter of the workforce in the city is in the commercial or allied trade sector and as such the sector plays a major role in maintaining a strong economy in the city and the region. A significant concentration of this activity occurs in the city centre, the edge of the city centre, at Salthill and in the suburban district centres and neighbourhood centres. The Core Strategy has identified opportunities both at the peripheral commercial locations and in the city centre that can expand, re-develop and densify to meet future growth demands sustainably and qualitatively. Retailing in particular contributes to the commercial life of the city and is key in conjunction with the hospitality, restaurants, café culture and entertainment sector to support the competitiveness and the attraction of the city for both residents, the high student population and the tourism market. The medieval core, the walkability and the waterside location enhances the experience of the commercial core giving it added value. While there is scope for infill, re-development and refurbishment on the existing city centre footprint, it is constrained in scale and form being located primarily in the historic core and cannot easily accommodate larger modern commercial floorplates. However the adjoining large scale designated regeneration sites at Ceannt Quarter and the Inner Harbour (12ha in total) and to a lesser extent on the opportunity site at Eyre Square East (2.6ha) can provide a seamless link from the city core to accommodate expansion of commercial activity integrated with other uses. Commercial lands at the edge of the city centre on the Headford Road (covering approximately 13 ha in total), currently support a mix of uses including bulky goods, surface car parking and a single storey, internal mall shopping centre that would benefit from refurbishment. This area can with re-development and improved urban structure regenerate to provide for a mixed used area suitable for accommodating additional and higher value commercial uses and a critical mass of residential use. The University of Galway lands at Nun’s Island are also the focus of regeneration and have capacity for innovation and collaborative ventures also. Section 2 of this Chapter further expands on the spatial policy approach to retailing in the city, coupled with the direction for a mix of uses on the regeneration sites included for in Chapter 10. The direction set out in the MASP is for a strong policy focus to preserve and enhance the city centre as the primary commercial area within the MASP area, supporting a regional role for a range of retail, commercial, tourism, social and cultural activities. The Core Strategy reflects this approach and reinforces the importance of integrating the supporting measures in the GTS to improve accessibility and the quality of the environment in the city centre complemented by the Public Realm Strategy measures. These together will contribute to the vitality and vibrancy of the city centre. Retail is an activity that is considered to be included in the broad commercial sector but as there are specific Section 28 Ministerial Guidelines - Retail Planning Guidelines for Planning Authorities (2012) there is an obligation to give this sector specific assessment and policy focus. The guidelines indicate that the retail sector is an essential part of the Irish economy and a key element of the vitality and competitiveness of urban areas. In this regard the guidelines consider that it is important that the Development Plan provides a clear framework for the continued development of the retail sector in a way that provides certainty for retailers and communities in the relevant policy framework. This is included for in Section 2 of this chapter. 160 Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029
- Economy, Enterprise and RetailPolicy 6.2 Commercial Sector 1. Preserve the city centre as the prime focus for city centre commercial activities and enable complementary uses and activities, including compact residential development that will enhance the unique sense of place, the vitality and vibrancy of this area. 2. Encourage and facilitate the regeneration of city centre sites at Ceannt Station Quarter, the Inner Harbour and at Headford Road, to include for a range of uses including higher value order commercial office space capable of accommodating a business and technology enterprise. 3. Encourage and facilitate the development of other designated regeneration sites in the city for mixed use development appropriate to the scale and context of each site. 4. Support the preparation of a masterplan for the regeneration of University of Galway lands and buildings at Nun’s Island and the framework such a plan will give for implementation of associated URDF supported projects, subject to standard assessment requirements and environmental considerations. 6.3.2 Industrial Sector The pattern of high value industrial employment has been mostly influenced by developments that commenced in the 80’s and 90’s at sites on the fringe of the city driven by IDA and Enterprise Ireland investment. These strategic employment centres are located at Dangan Business Park, Mervue Industrial and Business Park, Parkmore Business and Technology Park, Ballybrit Business Park and Briarhill Business Park. They include for a range of industries with a strong focus on the life sciences, medical technologies and internationally traded ICT services and software. They broadly require office and manufacturing type floor spaces and include a strong FDI presence and also accommodate key indigenous enterprises. There are Industrial (I) zoned lands within the city located at Briarhill, Ballybrit and Rahoon to accommodate additional demands. There is a significant balance of lands in the MASP area that straddles the City/County boundary on the IDA lands at Parkmore (38ha) and the unoccupied strategic IDA site (27ha) at Oranmore. These areas have the potential for additional employment with good opportunities for increased accommodation through expansion on undeveloped lands, densification and re-organisation. On some lands not under control of the IDA/Enterprise Ireland there are opportunities for growth in the general manufacturing and commercial trade sectors thereby adding to the opportunities for a diversity in employment types. Following recent international trends a number of large floorplate office developments supporting both FDI and indigenous development are establishing nearer the city centre on regeneration sites at Bonham Quay and Crown Square. This investment accords with the need for regeneration and are creating a stimulus for growth of similar development at these locations and the direction for greater use mix including for residential use which can support the influx of workers. Another key opportunity site for industrial and enterprise use is the former Galway Airport site. These lands were purchased by Galway City and Galway County Council when the airport function ceased with a vision to re-use for economic purposes. This 46 ha site is identified in the NPF as a growth enabler and being located in the MASP area the Plan includes an objective to unlock the potential of the lands in the lifetime of the strategy. An analysis of this site has been undertaken by Galway County Council which includes a framework for the potential redevelopment of the site for economic benefit of the wider Galway region. The Framework will inform the preparation by both councils of a masterplan for the Airport Site in consultation with all relevant stakeholders including the NTA, TII and Irish Water. A supporting objective for this masterplan is included in the current Galway County Development Plan 2022-2028. Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029 161
- Economy, Enterprise and RetailPolicy 6.3 Industrial Sector 1. Prioritise investment and expansion in high tech manufacturing, innovation research and development at strategic key employment locations at Mervue, Parkmore, Briarhill, Ballybrit and Dangan and on the designated Regeneration and Opportunity Sites. 6.3.3 General Industry and the Advanced Manufacturing Sector Traditional manufacturing enterprises have been in decline for a number of years in Galway. This has not been a completely negative trend as there has been an increase in the skills base in the city and upward social-economic mobility reflecting the broadening of higher value employment opportunities. There remains a need to retain lands to accommodate light industrial uses and services which are required to support the whole of the economy needs. Currently, these enterprises are particularly concentrated at Mervue, along and off the Tuam Road and the Monivea Road. These lands predominately accommodate light industry, small manufacturing and service units, small scale offices, warehousing and some bulky goods including motor showrooms. These industries are predominantly indigenous owned and operated and support entrepreneurship ventures. There is a need to protect these lands for such industrial uses which can come under threat from higher value uses and this can be done effectively through policies and land use zoning objectives. These lands will also accommodate businesses that do not fall into the categories supported by Enterprise Ireland or the IDA and will also provide opportunities for start-up indigenous businesses and the new emerging economies in the city. On some such lands in transition, where regeneration is more appropriate, such as at Sandy Road, the Council will support the re-location of the existing uses to more appropriate locations. The Harbour Enterprise Park was developed originally as an adjunct to the adjacent harbour. It has evolved in a diverse manner not exclusively with port related activities. It currently supports a number of industries, some of a heavy industrial nature, large oil storage base and the Bus Eireann garage and maintenance depot. The future of these lands will be linked to the current proposal at consent stage to significantly expand the port and emerging proposals to regenerate the inner harbour lands closer to the city centre. 6.3.4 Knowledge Economy, Technology Industries and Life Sciences Ireland is pursuing transformation to a knowledge economy which is considered a pathway to maintain prosperity in the city. Galway is at the forefront of this trend with a strong presence of knowledge based and technology industries, a supporting skills base and collaborative and innovate third level education environment that supports skills demands, research and development. University of Galway is a host for the Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics. Insight is an SFI Research Centre that supports 450 researchers across areas such as the Fundamentals of Data Science, Sensing and Actuation, Scaling Algorithms, Model Building, Multi Modal Analysis, Data Engineering and Governance, Decision Making and Trustworthy AI. Cumulatively there are over 190 technology companies including a range of start-ups in the Galway MASP area, including many leading multi-nationals with the life sciences particularly MedTech sectors represented. Their presence is an indicator of a highly skilled workforce. Complementing the strength of the knowledge industry is the Business Innovation infrastructure such as the Portershed Innovation Hub, Galway Technology Centre, ATU iHub Galway, University of Galway Business Innovation Centre which are collaborative ventures between the public sector, private sector and educational institutions in the city centre. Such hubs nurture innovation labs and business incubation in the technology and high value start up sector. These facilities have been developed using the Regional Enterprise Development Fund. In the creative and digital space an additional innovation centre CREW has also secured capital funding. Innovation growth is also being supported under the Disruptive Technologies Innovation Fund (DTIF) established under Project Ireland 2040. Galway has benefited significantly from this fund which supports research and development projects in areas such as life sciences, medical devices, ICT, artificial intelligence, manufacturing and environmental sustainability. 162 Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029
- Economy, Enterprise and RetailThis strong culture in the city of application of innovative technologies creates an environment that can support Galway’s transition to becoming a Smart City. A Smart City is where an ecosystem of people, devices and things communicate and collaborate. It is a city where the Internet of Things (IoT) is used to detect, analyse and share information that enables an urban area and its services to operate more efficiently, economically and to engage more effectively with citizens. Developing smart cities begins with small sized initiatives. For Galway City this includes the introduction of an electric vehicle (EV) local authority fleet with on-site fast charging, smart solar compactor bins with higher capacity and reduced collection cycles, use of intelligent transport solutions to manage transport systems, green schools initiatives where mode shift and air quality can be measured. Each initiative results in data that can progressively build on another solution and can through the use of technology measure successes and adaptations required for bigger actions. This approach is supported in the RSES where a partnership approach between the NWRA, the Western Development Commission and the Insight Centre for Data Analytics at University of Galway are working on the development of public infrastructure and regional governance structure using technological solutions that will allow all stakeholders in all of the region, including Galway City to participate in decision making and enjoy an enhanced environment. On a national level Galway City is currently a participating member of the All-Ireland Smart Cities Forum. This is a partnership which focuses on the advancement of cities cooperatively through deployment of and value generated by a Smart City programme where there are shared learnings. Policy 6.4 Knowledge Economy, Technology Industries & Life Sciences 1. Promote a Smart City approach through the application of new innovations and digital technologies to support economic growth, citizen engagement, enhance the quality and performance of urban services and to reduce costs and consumption of resources. 6.3.5 Enterprise & Innovation Sectors A strong economy supported by enterprise and innovation is one of the strategic outcomes of the RSES. There is a growing importance on the promotion and the development of knowledge based enterprise and support research and innovation hubs and incubation facilities within the city in association with other agencies. The University of Galway Strategic Plan “Shared Vision, Shaped by Values Strategy 2020-2025” will lead the transformational change of the city and region informed by the national policy of balanced regional development and sustainable cities as outlined in Project Ireland 2040. It aims to achieve this by sharpening the focus of teaching, research and innovation using the UN Sustainable Development Goals as a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future. Implementation of the plan will take collective effort over five years to achieve goals. Funding received under the URDF funding stream 2020 will advance plans for an additional hub, the Galway Innovation and Creativity District, a joint venture between Galway City Council and University of Galway. This will include for a riverside regeneration project at the campus and on University of Galway properties at Nun’s Island and will strengthen the linkages between business, research and city living. Emerging business models, such as social enterprises are on the increase, and are those that work primarily to improve the lives of people. Their core objective is to achieve a positive social, societal, or environmental impact. Like other businesses, social enterprises pursue their objectives by trading in goods and services on an ongoing basis. However, surpluses generated by social enterprises are re-invested into achieving their core social objectives, rather than maximising profit for their owners. They usually include work to support disadvantaged groups such as the long-term unemployed or to address issues such as food poverty, social housing, or environmental matters. Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029 163
- Economy, Enterprise and RetailThis plan recognises the value of social enterprise in the city and will facilitate and support the main objectives of the first National Social Enterprise Policy for Ireland 2019-2022 through building awareness of social enterprise, and through supporting the provision of social enterprise incubation infrastructure required for growing and strengthening social enterprise and achieving improved alignment with relevant government policy areas. Galway City Council is involved in the delivery of a range of supports to social enterprises through initiatives such as the Social Inclusion and Community Activation Programme (SICAP), the Community Enhancement Programme, provision of subsidised enterprise space and grant aid direct to social enterprises. This plan recognises the potential of social enterprise to contribute to the development of a sustainable and circular economy and local job creation and supports the social enterprise objectives included in the LECP. Policy 6.5 Enterprise & Innovation 1. Promote the development of knowledge based enterprise and support research and innovation hubs and incubation facilities within the city in association with other enterprise development agencies. 2. Continue to support and facilitate the development of start-up enterprises for local indigenous enterprises. 3. Recognise the value of social enterprise in the city and support the objectives of the National Social Enterprise Policy for Ireland 2019-2022 as further affirmed under the national commitment to support the Toledo Declaration. 4. Support for the provision of social enterprise incubation infrastructure required for growing and strengthening social enterprise. 5. Support the development of the higher institutes of education and the strong collaborative research, innovation, development and training roles that they have with industry to create innovative growth opportunities. 6. Encourage enterprise and business to transition to a circular economy where waste and resource use is minimised and where positive environmental, economic and social impacts can be delivered. 7. Support the harnessing of knowledge and innovation to reduce carbon footprint of enterprise in the City and create local added value and employment from the required Just transition of society 6.3.6 Office Sector Office use includes for a broad range of activity. It can include direct services to the public such as professional, financial, business or can have more of a corporate nature and technology driven focus classed as specialist offices. With increased trends towards a knowledge based, digitised economy there is increasing overlap between these types. There are a number of locations in the city that accommodate offices. The larger technology type evolving from manufacturing models are predominantly located on the fringe business parks whereas the more general types are located in the city centre. More recent development phases of growth has reflected international and national policy direction trends for large office type businesses to establish at locations closer to and adjoining the city core. The main focus for general office use still remains in the city centre, reflecting the prime role of this area, and the synergies that are created between retail offices and general office use and the contribution these services make to maintaining vibrancy and viability of urban space. Office uses tend to be high density workplaces and therefore the most suitable locations are in areas that have access to public transport and by active modes of travel. 164 Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029
- Economy, Enterprise and RetailThe District, Neighbourhood and Local Centres are also locations where offices accommodation is supported of a nature and scale that does not detract from the primacy of the city centre and doesn’t prejudice the development of a balanced mix of uses at these locations. Offices at these locations will be assessed in the context of their scale and type and relative to the size of the centre and associated neighbourhood catchment and accessibility by existing and/or proposed investment in public transport. Large plate technology driven offices or specialist offices which have a high density of employment have capacity to develop further and expand in the business parks on lands zoned for industry and commercial/industry. Currently these office types are located at Ballybrit, Rahoon, Parkmore, Tuam Road, Monivea Road. The Plan in Chapter 10, reflecting the NPF agenda for compact growth, mixed use development and regeneration has identified a number of city centre and near city centre sites that are suitable for large scale development that can accommodate large floorplate office developments. There have been a number of major office campus developments of this type consented and are at development stage since the last Development Plan, reflecting the new trend in the location of technology office space. Interest in further large scale office development at the fringe locations will not be displaced by the city centre trends and expansion and investment by existing companies at these locations confirm their continuing long term investment in these lands and the need for the Plan to continue to accommodate the parallel development at these locations in addition to promoting regeneration sites. In the interests of promoting the neighbourhood concept and sustainable movement patterns the location of small scale offices which provide local services such as that of GP/ dental practices are encouraged to co-locate with other local services in the area. Such uses are open to be considered also in housing areas subject to assessment of their impact on amenity and traffic considerations. Home based offices and activities will also be open for consideration, but only where their nature and scale demonstrate that they can be accommodated without detriment to the existing residential amenity. As referenced previously it is not possible to predict how the new and evolving hybrid work models and increased digitisation will impact on the demand for office space. With more people working from home the role of the office is shifting. One of the negative consequences of remote working is the reduction in collaboration and team work, which office based enterprise offers. The current thinking from the investment and property industry is that demand for office space is likely to remain at similar levels in the medium/ long term, with occupiers likely to look at reconfiguration of existing office space, rather than reducing commercial footprints. The evolving arrangements need to be monitored over the period of the Plan to gauge the need for flexibility to respond to these shifting trends and capitalise on potential opportunities for delivering both economic and sustainable benefits. Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029 165
- Economy, Enterprise and RetailPolicy 6.6 Office Sector 1. Encourage a high quality of workplace environment through architectural design, layout, landscaping and facilities where these can contribute positively to the health and wellness of the workforce and to the urban landscape. 2. Encourage innovation in the workplace through digitisation, remote & flexible work practices and support hub working. 6.3.7 Healthcare and Education Sectors Healthcare and knowledge based services and the associated employment and economic activity are particularly important in the city and engage a significant level of the workforce. The NPF identifies good access to a range of quality education and health services, relative to settlement scale as a key strategic goal and acknowledges that it contributes to making places attractive, successful and competitive. The RSES further reflects the importance of both and with high speed broadband connection notes the potential to use modern technologies to provide virtual delivery of some services to remote areas and to increase efficiencies within the operation of these services. The MASP recognises that the healthcare and knowledge services in the city have a significant regional function. With significant targeted growth in the MASP it is anticipated that this regional function will increase and that expansion and advancement in these services will be required. This will require both enablement through land use zoning and investment in improved accessibility through implementation of the GTS measures. 166 Galway City Development Plan 2023-2029
Source Galway City Council: Galway City Development Plan 2023–2029 (2023–2029) · Licence the publisher's termsText read from the publisher’s PDF; tables, maps and drawings do not survive as text, and page numbers are the PDF’s (its first page is 1). Check the original before relying on a passage.