Development plan · Longford County Council
Longford County Development Plan 2021–2027
The council's development plan written statement: its strategy, policies, objectives and development standards.
Longford County Council · 2021–2027 · 486 pages
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- CPO 4.59 CPO 4.60 CPO 4.61 CPO 4.62 CPO 4.63 CPO 4.64 CPO 4.65 CPO 4.66 CPO 4.67 CPO 4.68 Housing Strategy - County Policy Objectives It is the County Policy Objective to: Seek high quality of design in all housing development having due regard to Government policy relating to sustainable development, which aims to reduce the demand for travel within existing settlements, and the need to respect and reflect the established character of rural areas. Encourage the provision of affordable housing in appropriate locations in towns and villages, having regard to the aims and policies of the Core Strategy and the needs of local communities, including the need to deliver sustainable development, social integration and an appropriate mix of housing types and tenures. Provide social and affordable housing to meet forecasted future housing need over the plan period as identified in the HNDA. The Council will endeavour to deliver a further 252 social and affordable housing units over the plan period to meet this forecasted need as resources allow. Make use of a range of delivery mechanisms to provide new social and affordable homes including new builds, acquisitions, renovations and acquisitions of vacant homes, leasing, and housing supports including RAS and HAP. Require that 10% of lands zoned for residential use, or for a mixture of residential and other uses, be reserved for social and affordable housing in accordance with the Urban Regeneration and Housing Act 2015, the Planning and Development Act 2000 (as amended) and any future revised Guidance. Tackle vacancy and to secure new homes, tackle dereliction and deliver regeneration by bringing vacant sites back into use. This shall be pursued through the application of the vacant site levy in accordance with the Urban Regeneration and Housing Act 2015. The Council shall also endeavour to bring about the timely re-use of vacant Council-owned housing stock. Promote the regeneration of town centres through the retention of town centre residential units and through encouraging the reuse of upper floors above commercial premises for residential accommodation. Provide appropriate accommodation to meet the needs of the Travelling Community and to secure the implementation of the Longford County Council Traveller Accommodation Programme 2019-2024. Support the on-going monitoring and review of the HNDA in accordance with the forthcoming guidance on HNDA methodology to be issued by the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage. To support the development of quality residential schemes with a range of housing options having regard to the standards, principles and any specific planning policy requirements (SPPRs) set out in the Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas Guidelines for Planning Authorities (2009); Urban Development and Building Heights Guidelines for Planning Authorities’ (2018) and the ‘Sustainable Urban Housing: Design Standards for New Apartments, Guidelines for Planning Authorities’ (2018).County Development Plan 2021–2027 121
- 4.16 Environmental Conservation and Protection The development objectives in the Development Plan are consistent, as far as practicable, with the conservation and protection of the environment. The accompanying Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), Appropriate Assessment (AA) and Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (SFRA) processes have informed the preparation of the Plan (see Chapter 1: Introduction and Strategic Context for a description of these processes and Volume 4 for associated documents detailing the findings). All recommendations made by these processes have been integrated into the Plan and this will contribute towards environmental conservation and protection within the County and beyond. 4.16.1 Ecosystems Services Approach and Natural Capital In preparing the Plan and developing policy objectives, the Council have followed these Ecosystem Services28 Approach principles: a) Consideration of natural systems - by using knowledge of interactions in nature and how ecosystems function (including Chapter 12: Natural Heritage and Environment); b) Taking into account of the services that ecosystems provide - including those that underpin social and economic well-being, such as flood and climate regulation (including Chapter 3: Climate Change and Chapter 5: Transport, Infrastructure, Energy and Communications), resources for food, fibre or fuel (Chapter 9: Rural Economy), or for recreation, culture and quality of life (Chapter 7: Placemaking, Chapter 11: Built and Cultural Heritage, Chapter 13: Green Infrastructure and Chapter 14: Landscape Character); c) Involving people - those who benefit from the ecosystem services and those managing them need to be involved in decisions that affect them. Public consultation has informed the preparation of the Draft Plan which has been further refined before adoption, taking into account submissions/observations made during public display. The Council shall promote an Ecosystem Services Approach, following the above principles, in its decision-making processes, including those relating to the preparation of statutory land use plans. In recognition of the need to manage natural capital29, provisions have been integrated into the Plan that will contribute towards management of air quality, noise pollution, light pollution, water quality and integrated catchment management. 28 Ecosystems are multifunctional communities of living organisms interacting with each other and their environment. Ecosystems provide a series of services for human well-being (ecosystem services) either directly or indirectly contributing towards human wellbeing 29 Renewable and non-renewable resources (e.g. plants, animals, air, water, soils, minerals) CPO 4.69 CPO 4.70 Environmental Conservation and Protection - County Policy Objectives It is the County Policy Objective to: United Nations Sustainability Goals Contribute, as practicable, towards achievement of the 17 no. Sustainable Development Goals30 of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which came into force in 2016. Regulatory framework for environmental protection and management Cumulatively contribute towards – in combination with other users and bodies – the achievement of the objectives of the regulatory framework for environmental protection and management, including compliance with EU Directives - including the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC, as amended), the Birds Directive (2009/147/EC), the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (2011/92/EU, as amended by 2014/52/EC) and the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (2001/42/EC) – and relevant transposing Regulations.Longford County Council 122
- 4.17 Housing Climate Context and Associated Actions In accordance with the format set out in Chapter 3: Climate Change of this Plan the following is an assessment of the content of this chapter in a climate context and associated actions. Careful planning, quality construction, good design and appropriate density remain constant for the successful delivery of our current and future housing needs. Ensuring existing homes are more energy efficient and that new homes produce less emissions (during construction and over their lifetime) will prove equally critical in reducing our carbon footprint. Irish homes use 7% more energy and emit 58% more CO2 than EU averages, with 70% continuing to rely on fossil fuels alone31. From 31st December 2020 the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) Recast 2010, requires all new buildings to achieve the ‘Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB)’ standard, which closely translates to an ‘A2’ Building Energy Rating (BER), and a ‘B2’ BER for extensions and/or refurbishments greater than 25% of the total surface area, or cost optimal equivalent. Ireland is meeting 30 Including: • Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere • Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture • Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages • Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all • Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls • Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all • Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all • Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all • Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation • Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries • Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable • Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns • Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts • Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development • Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss • Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels • Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development 31 Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) (2019), ‘Energy in Ireland – 2019 Report’, December 2019. https://www.seai.ie/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2019-.pdf CPO 4.71 Environmental Conservation and Protection - County Policy Objectives It is the County Policy Objective to: Information to be considered at lower levels of decision making and environmental assessment Lower levels of decision-making and environmental assessment should consider the sensitivities identified in the SEA Environmental Report that accompanies the Plan, including the following: ■ Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas; ■ Features of the landscape that provide linkages/connectivity to designated sites (e.g. watercourses, areas of semi-natural habitat such as linear woodlands etc.); ■ Natural Heritage Areas and proposed Natural Heritage Areas; ■ Areas likely to contain a habitat listed in Annex 1 of the Habitats Directive; ■ Entries to the Record of Monuments; ■ Entries to the Record of Protected Structures; ■ Architectural Conservation Areas; and ■ Landscape/amenity designations.County Development Plan 2021–2027 123
- this requirement through its revised Building Regulations. Improving the fabric of buildings first (i.e. ‘Fabric First’), including increased insulation and upgrading to triple glazed, air-tight windows, has been identified as the most successful and costefficient means of reducing the carbon emission of Ireland’s housing sector. The National Planning Framework (NPF) has outlined the construction of an additional 500,000 homes by 2040, to include 132,000 by 2027, under the National Development Plan (NDP) 2018 – 2027 public housing programme, while simultaneously upgrading 500,000 existing homes to a B2 rating or better by 2030 under the Climate Action Plan (CAP) 2019. The NPF ‘National Policy Objective (NPO) 33’ seeks to ‘prioritise the provision of new homes at locations that can support sustainable development and at an appropriate scale of provision relative to location’; NPO 3c aims to ‘deliver 30% of all new homes that are targeted in settlements other than the five Cities and their suburbs, within their existing built-up footprints’. Notwithstanding self-sustainable one-off housing, the concept of ‘compact growth’ as set out in the NPF is seen as the most considered means of achieving NPO33 and NPO3c. Compact growth aims to “make better use of under-utilised land and buildings, including ‘infill’, ‘brownfield’ and publicly owned sites and vacant and under-occupied buildings, with higher housing and jobs densities”. The successful delivery of same minimises car usage and its associated costs (e.g. pollution, congestion, wellbeing, etc) while simultaneously allowing for the provision of more public infrastructure and transport and facilitating more people to walk and cycle. A4.1 A4.2 A4.3 A4.4 A4.5 A4.6 A4.7 Housing Actions Climate Change Actions Longford County Council shall: Require all one-off housing applications to be accompanied by a Sustainability Statement, and in accordance with the principles set out in the ‘Sustainable Rural Housing Guidelines’ (2005), to include an outlined assessment of the proposed against: ■ Design and layout; ■ Construction and materials; ■ Energy strategy; ■ Waste and water reduction; ■ Services (incl. high speed broadband and transport links); ■ Landscape and ecology. Require all housing scheme applications to meet the principles of the ‘Design Manual for Urban Roads and Streets’ DMURS (2019) and in accordance with the National Transport Authority ‘Permeability Best Practice Guide’ (2015), submit a ‘Permeability Audit’ where considered necessary by Longford County Council. Require all existing, social housing in the ownership of the Local Authority to be upgraded to a B2 BER rating, where achievable. Require all new-build housing, procured by LCC for the purposes of social housing, to be zerocarbon, Passivhaus, or equivalent standard. Prioritise the principle of Passivhaus or equivalent standard in accordance with current Design Guidelines of the County Development Plan, or those deemed acceptable by the Planning Department. Require all residential schemes outside of ‘Town Core’ zoned lands, to responsibly plant and maintain 1 no., native tree (e.g. Willow, Alder, Birch, Scots Pine, Holly, Sessile Oak) of a girth greater than 20cm, within the confines of the proposed site, per dwelling. Require all future, multi-residential, industrial or warehousing applications to specify the type and location of permeable surfacing throughout, to include access roads.Longford County Council 124
- Transport, Infrastructure, Energy and Communications CHAPTER 5 Alex Pentek’s giant violin sculpture installed along the N5 bypass
- 126 5.1 Introduction Underpinning the sustainable future development of the County is the delivery of high-quality infrastructure that can service the demands of Longford’s residents and its businesses and provide for balanced growth and reliable service provision necessary for creating sustainable and attractive communities and securing economic investment. This includes a wide range of infrastructure provision including water, wastewater, transport, utilities (e.g. broadband, electricity, gas), flood and surface water management measures through a plan-led approach in accordance with the County’s Core, Settlement and Housing Strategies and Climate Strategy. Mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change will have a significant bearing on future development patterns. The increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, as witnessed across varying global to local scales, serves only to highlight the increasing need for climate resilient development and the requisite infrastructure to enable such development in the future. Climate mitigation is now a focal point in national planning policy with an increased focus on the delivery of ‘compact growth’ development in our urban settlements to accommodate future growth. This development goal has clear implications for the future provision of infrastructure in our urban settlements in improving the ‘liveability’ and attraction of our towns as an alternative to less sustainable development patterns which could undermine the globally recognised need to move towards a low carbon development economy and society. Accordingly, the challenge for Longford County Council, in conjunction with other agencies and authorities, is to ensure that the delivery of infrastructural services and the inclusion of mandatory statutory objectives is guided by the principles of sustainable development in facilitating more efficient land use and physical development, whilst providing for the continued social and economic growth of the County. Railway line at Newtownforbes 126Longford County Council
- 127 5.2 Transportation A key feature of any sustainable community is the level of integration of appropriate transportation infrastructure with effective land use planning. This is recognised across varying spatial scales, whether it is through the provision of high-quality public transport or national routes to facilitate enhanced regional development, or the delivery of cycle lanes to encourage more sustainable movement within urban settlements and neighbourhoods. Land use planning has a distinct influence on travel behaviour, as clustering of development, coupled with improvements in street layouts and design, can strongly influence how people make their daily journeys. Accordingly, this section of the Plan is complemented by zoning policies and objectives contained within Chapter 4: Core Strategy. 5.2.1 Transport Policy Context The Transportation Strategy presented in this plan is supported by a number of national and regional policy instruments and guidance, with the following providing an overview of their context. 5.2.1.1 The National Planning Framework – Ireland 2040 The NPF emphasises the important role effective and targeted sustainable transportation solutions, across a range of modes, play in delivering the National Strategic Outcomes of compact growth for our settlements (NSO 1, 3 and 5). Furthermore, the NPF identifies the need to progressively electrify our mobility systems, whilst moving away from polluting and carbon intensive propulsion systems in line with Ireland’s Climate Change Mitigation Plan (NSO 8). The NPF advocates the integration of safe and convenient alternatives to the private car into the design of our communities by prioritising walking and cycling accessibility to both existing and proposed developments (NPO 27). The NPF also advocates the provision of a quality nationwide community-based public transport system in rural areas which responds to local needs under the Rural Transport Network and similar initiatives (NSO 3). 5.2.1.2 Climate Action Plan 2019 This plan sets out the Government’s plan of action in relation to combatting Climate Change and its impacts. It sets out governance arrangements including carbon-proofing our policies, establishment of carbon budgets and a strengthened Climate Change Advisory Council. A central component of the plan is the Government’s commitment to undertake the following: ■ 70% of the Country’s electricity needs will come from renewable sources by 2030. ■ Accelerate the take up of Electric Vehicle (EV) cars and vans so that we reach 100% of all new cars and vans are EVs by 2030. This will enable achieving our target of 950,000 EVs on the road by 2030. ■ Approximately one third of all vehicles sold during the decade will be Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) or Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). ■ Make growth less transport intensive through better planning, remote and home-working and modal shift to public transport. ■ Increase the renewable biofuel content of motor fuels. ■ Set targets for the conversion of public transport fleets to zero carbon alternatives. 5.2.1.3 Smarter Travel – A Sustainable Transport Future – A New Transport Policy for Ireland 2009- 2020 This remains the principal transport policy document and sets out how the vision for a sustainable travel and transport system can be achieved. The Government reaffirms its vision for sustainability in transport and sets out five key goals to: 1. Reduce overall travel demand. 2. Maximise the efficiency of the transport network. 3. Reduce reliance on fossil fuels. 4. Reduce transport emissions. 5. Improve accessibility to transport. 5.2.1.4 The National Cycle Policy Framework 2009-2020 This Framework derived from Smarter Travel sets out a national policy for cycling, in order to create a stronger cycling culture, a safer environment for cycling and improved quality of life. 5.2.1.5 Spatial Planning and National Roads – Guidelines for Planning Authorities, 2012 The Guidelines seek to achieve and maintain a safe and efficient network of National Roads in the broader context of sustainable development strategies, thereby facilitating continued economic 127County Development Plan 2021–2027
- growth, while encouraging a shift towards more sustainable travel and transport in accordance with the Smarter Travel policy document. 5.2.1.6 2020 DMURS Interim Advice Note – Covid-19 Pandemic Response The current Design Manual for Urban Roads and Streets (DMURS) by the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport sets out design guidance and standards for constructing new and reconfiguring existing urban roads and streets in Ireland, incorporating good planning and design practice and focus on the public realm. It also outlines practical design measures to encourage more sustainable travel patterns in urban areas. 5.2.1.7 National Cycle Policy Framework 2009- 2020 The National Cycle Policy Framework (NCPF) 2009- 2020 (DTTS), uses the targets outlined in Smarter Travel and focuses more specifically on cycling as a sustainable transport mode. The document sets out the stated aim of creating a strong cycling culture in Ireland making cycling the norm, rather than an exception, for all short trips undertaken. 5.2.1.8 Strategy for the Future Development of National and Regional Greenways, 2018 This strategy, authored by the DTTS, is designed to assist in the strategic development of nationally and regionally significant Greenways in appropriate locations, constructed to an appropriate standard in order to deliver a quality experience for all Greenways users. It also aims to increase the number and geographical spread of Greenways of scale and quality around the country over the next 10 years, 5.2.1.9 Local Link Rural Transport Programme Strategic Plan 2018-2022 The National Transport Authority (NTA) provides rural transport services through the Local Link Rural Transport Programme Strategic Plan 2018-2022. The key priorities of this programme are directed at addressing rural social exclusion and the integration of rural transport services with other public transport services. The services provided under the programme are intended to fulfil a primarily social function, in meeting the needs of communities in towns, villages and rural areas. 5.2.1.10 Eastern and Midland Regional Spatial Economic Strategy 2019-2031 The RSES reinforces and expands on the policy provision for transportation contained in the NPF and sets out a number of guiding principles for the integration of land use and transport planning, as well as a number of Regional Policy Objectives (RPOs) for specific land use and transport. One such RPO requires the preparation of Local Transport Plans (LTPs) for a number of selected settlements within the region, one of which is Longford Town (RPO 8.6). Such LTPs will include transport priorities for each settlement in terms of public transport infrastructure and services; cycle investment; improvements to the pedestrian environment; and road enhancements. RPO 4.59 also outlines the key objective to enhance accessibility and sustainable mobility within Longford Town centre, by improving links between the core and surrounding areas through the further integration of public transport, walking and cycling facilities. Footbridge over the Camlin River, Longford 128Longford County Council
- 5.2.1.11 National Disability Inclusion Strategy (NDIS) 2017-2022: The NDIS includes specific actions assigned to Local Authorities. Action 108 dishing of footpaths and action 109 accessible furniture. 5.2.1.12 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) 2018: The UNCRPD puts obligations on State Parties to ensure access for persons with disabilities to, interalia the physical environment and transportation in both urban and rural areas. 5.2.2 Land Use and Transportation Planning A central theme associated with the aforementioned policy documents and guidance is the overriding requirement for enhanced integration of land use and transportation. In shaping the pattern of development and influencing the location, scale, density, design and mix of land-uses, the integration of land-use and transportation can help reduce the need to travel and facilitate sustainable urban development. This plan therefore promotes an integrated approach to land-use and transportation which aligns with the Core Strategy and directs future development into existing towns and settlements within County Longford, in order to reduce car dependency. The plan strongly supports the creation of compact urban growth, consolidation of existing settlements and prioritisation of the development of brownfield lands across the settlement hierarchy, which in turn will encourage the use of public transport, cycling and walking as viable alternatives to the private car. In order to strengthen the economic competitiveness and social advancement of the County, an effective transportation network is required to ensure adequate linkages between Longford, the Midland region and beyond. CPO 5.1 CPO 5.2 CPO 5.3 CPO 5.4 CPO 5.5 CPO 5.6 CPO 5.7 CPO 5.8 Land Use and Transportation - County Policy Objectives It is the County Policy Objective to: Support and facilitate the integration of land use with transportation infrastructure, through the development of sustainable compact settlements within the hierarchy of settlements as identified within the Core Strategy and which are well served by public transport. Facilitate the provision, where appropriate, of rural transport initiatives and services in order to promote the socio-economic and cultural development of the entire County. Provide for alternative forms of transportation and associated infrastructure in order to reduce the dependency on the private car, such as public transport initiatives and infrastructure for cyclists and pedestrians. Engage with the Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly in the creation of a coordinated sustainable transport plan for the Midland Region to guide and inform local policy in the development of more sustainable modes of transportation. Promote sustainable land use planning measures which facilitate transportation efficiency, economic returns on transport investment, minimisation of environmental impacts and a general shift towards the greater use of public transportation throughout the County. Integrate the County’s transport and tourism strategies to promote increasingly sustainable travel patterns and improved linkages between the towns and villages within the County, with the aim of developing a coherent network dedicated to sustainable transport modes across the County and to the wider Midland region. Provide, where possible, for the establishment of integrated transport nodes. Ensure that infrastructural policies and investments assist and enhance the economic and social development of County Longford and preserve and improve the physical attractiveness of the County and minimise negative impacts on its background environment. 129County Development Plan 2021–2027
- CPO 5.9 CPO 5.10 CPO 5.11 Land Use and Transportation - County Policy Objectives It is the County Policy Objective to: Prepare and implement a Local Transport Plan (LTP) for Longford Town in conjunction with the National Transport Authority (NTA) and other relevant stakeholders. Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) and other relevant stakeholders, in accordance with the guidance note Area Based Transport Assessment 2019 (or any subsequent update) produced by the NTA and TII. Support the use of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) technology for pedestrian, cyclist and vehicular traffic, public transport and parking management in all new developments. Require all major developments to submit Traffic Impact Assessments and Mobility Management Plans. Traffic Impact Assessments shall be prepared in accordance with the TII Traffic and Transport Assessment Guidelines (2014) (PE-PDV-02045). Mobility management / travel plans shall be submitted with applications for trip intensive developments including schools, significant employers, business parks and industrial estates, prepared having regard to: ■ NTA Achieving Effective Workplace Travel Plans Guidance for Local Authorities: Achieving-Effective-Workplace-Travel-Plans-Guidance-for-Local-Authorities11.pdf (nationaltransport.ie) ■ Dublin Transportation Office – Advice Note Mobility Management Plans (2002): https://www.nationaltransport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/mobility_management_ plans_2002.pdf 5.2.3 Road and Street Network Several strategic national primary and secondary routes traverse the County from east to west; and from north to south. These include the N4 and the N5, both of which are components of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) Comprehensive Network; as well as the N55, N63 and several strategically important regionally routes, including the R392 which provides a route from Lanesborough and Ballymahon to Mullingar. National planning policy in respect of road infrastructure in the National Planning Framework (NPF), sets out the importance of maintaining, improving and protecting the strategic function of the key transport corridors, including the strategic function of the TEN-T core and comprehensive network (NSO 2). A key feature of this is enhanced regional accessibility to the north-west, including upgrading northern sections of the N4 and N5 routes, with significant benefits for future regional connectivity for Longford. The RSES also emphasises the importance of maintaining, improving and protecting the strategic function of the key transport corridors, and supports the delivery of the N4 Mullingar to Longford route upgrade (RPO 8.10). Continued investment in the county’s road and street network is necessary to ensure the sustainable efficient movement of people and goods within the county, to provide access to developing areas and to support economic activity. Longford County Council intends to proceed with a number of specific projects during the period of this plan. In order to implement a range of design measures that ensure roads and streets are designed and managed to cater for all road users, the Council will have regard to the following; Design Manual for Urban Roads and Streets (2020), the Guidelines for Setting and Managing Speed Limits in Ireland (2015), TII Standard DN-GEO-03084 ‘The Treatment of Transition Zones to Towns and Villages on National Roads’ and other appropriate standards. 130Longford County Council
Source Longford County Council: Longford County Development Plan 2021–2027 (2021–2027) · Licence the publisher's termsText read from the publisher’s PDF; tables, maps and drawings do not survive as text, and page numbers are the PDF’s (its first page is 1). Check the original before relying on a passage.