Regional strategy (RSES) · Eastern and Midland Region
Regional Spatial and Economic Strategy 2019–2031
The regional strategy for the Eastern and Midland Region, including the Dublin Metropolitan Area Strategic Plan.
Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly · June 2019 · 244 pages
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- 9.3 Housing and Regeneration It is widely acknowledged that there is a need for a significant increase in the delivery of housing in the State. The NPF identifies a national target of at least 25,000 new homes, half of which are expected in our Region, being annually required in order to satisfy the State’s housing needs up to 2040. Achieving this level of supply will require increased national output of 30,000 to 35,000 homes per annum in the years to 2027, to deal with a deficit that has built up since 2010, and will be subject to monitoring and review. 63 See NPF National Strategic Outcomes 1 and 7 and National Policy Objectives 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37 https://www.gov.ie/en/campaigns/09022006-project-ireland-2040/. The NPF requires a change in strategy in relation to meeting housing need from the traditional approach of developer led provision of housing, often on greenfield sites at a remove from an urban settlement, to a plan led strategy of consolidation with the provision of the majority of housing in cities and other defined settlements63. This will require a change in housing typologies and, given the changing economic and demographic patterns envisaged in the NPF, a change in tenure typologies as well. Recent trends in the delivery of specialised housing typologies such as student accommodation, build to let developments and shared accommodation is indicative of the change in approach that will be necessary to accommodate the changes in demand and demographics in the Region into the future, and the RSES needs to reflect this. The provision of affordable, appropriate and adaptable accommodation is a key challenge facing the State and the Region. In addition to the location of housing needing to reflect the strategic outcomes and policy objectives of the NPF, it also needs to be provided based on a rigorous assessment of housing need. Housing quality is also important in order to secure positive health outcomes. The RSES sets out an asset-based approach to the strategic location of residential development in the Region, targeting significant population growth in Dublin and the Regional Growth Centres, supported by balanced population and employment growth in Key Towns and a limited number of economically active Self-Sustaining Growth Towns. Other towns will require targeted ‘catch–up’ investment to enhance local employment and services, for example in rapidly growing commuter towns or to promote regeneration in rural towns and villages. In applying a tailored approach to the location of new housing and urban development, investment needs can be linked to the NPF/NDP Urban and Rural Regeneration and Development Funds. Asset Test for the strategic location of new residential development; • SCALE - Is there potential for compact sustainable development, based on the settlements scale, rates of growth, local ambition and availability of serviced lands? • FUNCTIONS - Is there a good level of local employment provision, based on its jobs ratio and net commuting flows, and/or potential to develop complementarities with other places? • SERVICES – Will local services and amenities including community, education, health, leisure and retail be accessible as set out in the ’10-minute settlement’ concept? • PLACEMAKING - Will the development reenforce a sense of place and character, and create a healthy and attractive environment in line with good urban design principles? • ECONOMIC– Is there potential for better alignment of housing and employment provision, to strengthen local economies or drive economic development opportunities? • CONNECTIVITY – Is the development accessible to existing/planned public transport and is there potential to improve modal share of public transport, walking and cycling? • ENVIRONMENT – Does the environment have the carrying capacity for development? Is there potential to enhance environmental quality and/or support transition to low carbon/climate resilience? • INFRASTRUCTURE – Is there a requirement for improvements to water, waste water, utilities and/or digital infrastructure and services to support the proposed development? See also Asset /Potential Based Criteria set out in Table 3.1 and Appendix A 201Quality of Life
- Housing Supply and Affordability Housing supply in the Region has been slow in picking up from historically low levels during the recession. There is a further lag on the delivery of social housing which in turn is placing further pressures on the existing housing stock. Housing affordability and supply issues are impacting upon health and wellbeing, due to overcrowding, with people residing in substandard accommodation and homelessness. There is a need now for accelerated delivery of housing, particularly in Dublin and in identified growth settlements in the Region to ensure the development of high quality and affordable homes located within sustainable communities in order to meet the existing and future needs of a growing population. The slow growth of housing stock compared to rates of population growth and household formation has led to an increase in the average number of persons per household to around 2.8 in the Region, based on the 2016 census, which saw a reversal of the long-term decline in the average household size. There are some regional differences in occupancy rates ranging from 2.5 persons per household in Dublin City to around 3 in the surrounding counties. The delivery of housing in the Region has largely been market driven with people’s choice of where to live often driven by affordability. Addressing housing supply and affordability will require a suite of cross sectoral measures that reflect the interplay between land values, building costs and fiscal and planning policies. Local authorities, approved housing bodies and other sectoral agencies should be resourced with adequate skills, support and resources to drive the delivery of high quality social and affordable homes and sustainable communities. CASE STUDY: Affordable Cost Rental Housing The provision of affordable accommodation is a major challenge facing the state and the Region. The development of a new affordable ‘cost-rental’ sector has been identified as part of the reform of the Irish housing system. Under cost-rental models, rents are linked to the cost of building and managing the property, and based on income rather than market rents. Looking to cities like Vienna, large scale delivery of cost rental can improve national competitiveness and the attractiveness of our cities. The rented home remains a public asset and future rent increases can be controlled to ensure affordability and security for tenants. Cost rental schemes depend on acquisition low-cost lands, including state lands to develop the site and operate on a no profit rental margin. The Land Development Agency (LDA) has a key role to play in facilitating site assembly and achieving objectives for social and affordable housing on public lands. Housing Tenure Since 2011 there has been significant change in housing tenure patterns across the Region with a drop in mortgaged households and a significant increase in the number of households living in private rented accommodation. Over 2 in 5 householders in Dublin City are in rental accommodation with the majority of new housing growth in the private rental sector. Across the Region rates of private rental are also growing in the urban centres. In contrast, home ownership rates remain high in the Region with 1 in 3 people having mortgages. There has also been an increase in the number of homes owned outright with many people who own their homes outright being empty nesters often in an older age demographic. There is a need to incentivise mobility in the housing market, to address social isolation among older people and to offer more choice by way of an increased supply of accommodation for all life stages. 202 Regional Spatial & Economic Strategy
- Homelessness The issue of homelessness is a critical challenge facing the Region into the future and is the first pillar of Rebuilding Ireland, the State’s response to the need to accelerate housing supply in Ireland. The National Statement on Housing Need and Demand64 points to the fact that the homelessness problem has been increasing. Although the EMRA does not have an active role in the delivery of housing or in the provision of support services for homeless persons and families, the RSES will set the context for overall housing provision in the Region in the most sustainable locations, within which local authorities and other agencies and bodies will deliver homeless services and accommodation. Housing Need Demand Assessment The NPF, in NPO 3765, requires each local authority, with coordination from the Regional Assemblies, to undertake a Housing Need Demand Assessment (HNDA) for their administrative area that will provide a robust common evidence base to inform housing and land use zoning policies and support the preparation of local authority housing strategies and development plans. The HNDA evidence base includes a range of housing data, along with wider economic, demographic and affordability trends, to understand key housing market drivers and give a statistical estimate of all current and future housing needs, by tenure. The HNDA will inform policy responses about the future location, typology and tenure of housing needs, including affordable housing and single houses in the countryside, which in turn will inform the provision of a sufficient land supply in the right locations to deliver future additional housing. There is an acknowledgement that in the case of Dublin, the HNDA may be at a metropolitan scale having regard to inter-county and inter-regional settlement interactions. Having regard to the significant influence that Dublin plays in relation to the housing and settlement patterns and demands within the Region it is considered that a Regional HNDA is appropriate for the four Dublin local authorities. It is further noted that new statutory guidelines on development plans will be provided in relation to housing provision and the gathering of housing data (See also Chapter 4 People and Place). 64 Housing Agency National Statement of Housing Supply and Demand and Outlook of 2017 - 2018 65 NPO 37 A ‘Housing Need Demand Assessment’ (HNDA) is to be undertaken for each local authority Area in order to correlate and accurately align future housing requirements. The HNDA is: to be undertaken by local authorities with coordination assistance to be provided by the Regional Assemblies, and at a Metropolitan scale, particularly where inter-county and inter-regional settlement interactions are to be planned for and managed; to primarily inform housing policies, housing strategies and associated land use zoning policies as well as assisting in determining where new policy areas or investment programmes are to be developed; and to be supported, through the establishment of a coordination and monitoring unit to assist local authorities and Regional Assemblies in the development of the HNDA (DHPLG, Regional Assemblies and the local authorities). This will involve developing and coordinating a centralised spatial database for local authority housing data that supports the HNDA being undertaken by local authorities. REGIONAL POLICY OBJECTIVES: Housing RPO 9.3: Support local authorities, approved housing bodies and other sectoral agencies in the provision of a greater diversity of housing type and tenure, including social and affordable housing and exploring new models of low cost rental and affordable homeownership. RPO 9.4: Design standards for new apartment developments should encourage a wider demographic profile which actively includes families and an ageing population. RPO 9.5: Support local authorities, either individually or combined, in the provision of a Housing Need Demand Assessment that will inform housing policy that provides for diverse housing demand and is in accordance with statutory guidelines. RPO 9.6: Support local authorities and other relevant agencies such as the Dublin Region Homeless Executive in relation to addressing the issue of homelessness in the Region. 203Quality of Life
- Regeneration One of the key elements of the NPF relates to the need for compact growth, with development being focussed within and close to existing built-up areas66. A vital element of this approach is the regeneration of infill and brownfield sites. The importance of the role of regeneration in the delivery of Project Ireland 2040 is acknowledged by the provision of the Urban Regneration and Development Fund (URDF) and the Rural Regeneration and Development Fund (RRDF). Achieving compact growth targets will require active land management responses to ensure that land and building resources within existing settlements are used to their full potential. Local authorities will be required to establish a database of strategic brownfield and infill sites so that brownfield re-use can be managed and co-ordinated across multiple stakeholders as part of the active land management process– see Chapter 3 Growth Strategy for Urban Infill/Brownfield Regeneration - Guiding Principles. CASE STUDY: Urban Regeneration and Development Fund (URDF) The €2 Billion ten-year Urban Regeneration and Development Fund (URDF) was launched in 2018 to support compact sustainable development, through the regeneration of Ireland’s cities and large towns, in line with the objectives of Project Ireland 2040 – The National Planning Framework (NPF) and the National Development Plan (NDP) 2018 -2027. The Regional Spatial and Economic Strategy (RSES) provides the investment framework for Eastern and Midland Region (EMR). The types of proposals eligible for funding include strategic development areas, active land management, measures to address building vacancy and refurbishment, public realm improvements, enabling infrastructure, sustainable mobility and transition to low carbon and climate resilience. In 2019, 38 successful projects in the EMR were allocated over €42 million, of which nearly €15 went to urban areas within the Dublin Metropolitan Area and over €27 million to support the rejuvenation of Regional Growth Centres and large towns in our Region. 66 NPO 3a Deliver at least 40% of all new homes nationally, within the built-up footprint of existing settlements. NPO 3b Deliver at least half (50%) of all new homes that are targeted in the five Cities and suburbs of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford, within their existing built-up footprints. NPO 3c Deliver at least 30% of all new homes that are targeted in settlements other than the five Cities and their suburbs, within their existing built-up footprints 67 NPO 12 The Government will establish a National Regeneration and Development Agency to work with local authorities, other public bodies and capital spending departments and agencies to co-ordinate and secure the best use of public lands, investment required within the capital envelopes provided in the National Development Plan and to drive the renewal of strategic areas not being utilised to their full potential. The Government will consider how best to make State lands available to such a body to kick-start its development role and to legislate for enhanced compulsory purchase powers to ensure that the necessary transformation of the places most in need of regeneration can take place more swiftly and effectively. NPO 66 A more effective strategic and centrally managed approach will be taken to realise the development potential of the overall portfolio of state owned and/or influenced lands in the five main cities other major urban areas and in rural towns and villages as a priority, particularly through the establishment of a National Regeneration and Development Agency National Land Development Agency The National Land Development Agency being established under the NPF will have the objective of maintaining and enhancing the capacity for co-ordinating and developing large, strategically located land banks in order to promote the delivery of housing and other development in order to provide, inter alia, more affordable homes. It is envisaged that the Agency will have CPO powers and will drive renewal of strategic areas not being utilised to their full potential (NPF National Policy Objectives 12 and 6667). It is further envisaged that the Agency will access the Urban Regeneration and Development Fund in order to achieve these goals. Refer also to Chapter 3 Growth Strategy, Chapter 4 People and Place and Chapter 5 MASP for additional policies in relation to compact growth and regeneration. REGIONAL POLICY OBJECTIVES: Regeneration RPO 9.7: Support the National Land Development Agency in co-ordinating and developing large, strategically located landbanks, particularly publicly owned lands, in city and town centres that require consolidation and aggregation of land to enable regeneration. RPO 9.8: To work with local authorities, government departments and relevant agencies to promote increased urban densities in all existing settlements and the use, where appropriate, of Compulsory Purchase Orders (CPO) and other incentives including development contributions to encourage urban regeneration of brownfield lands over the development of greenfield sites and to promote more active land management and co-ordinated provision of enabling infrastructure particularly on publicly owned lands. RPO 9.9: To support, at a National level, efforts to explore ways to deal effectively with waste and contamination relating to brownfield regeneration. 204 Regional Spatial & Economic Strategy
- 9.4 Healthy Placemaking Healthy placemaking seeks to protect and enhance the unique identity and character of places and to facilitate improvements to human wellbeing and the quality of life that comes from the interaction of people and their environment. Placemaking is underpinned by good urban design, which seeks to create public spaces that are vibrant, distinctive, safe and accessible and which promote and facilitate social interaction. 68 For more information see DECLG ‘Local Area Plans- Guidelines for Planning Authorities’, 2013 (Chapter 5) The creation of healthy and attractive places requires ongoing improvements to the physical and social infrastructure of our urban centres, some of which have experienced decline due to prevailing trends of counter-urbanisation and for online and out of town shopping. Effective public realm interventions can dramatically improve human wellbeing and are also a key factor in enhancing the attractiveness of places for talent and business investment as well as for residents, workers, visitors and shoppers. A key element of healthy placemaking is the need to ensure alternatives to the car in the design of streets and public spaces and to prioritise and promote cycling and walking as active transport modes. The provision of high quality public transport, greenways and cycleways can enhance areas, contributing to more attractive places and creating opportunities to be physically active and reduce the negative consequences of car-based commuting. GUIDING PRINCIPLES Guiding Principles for the creation of healthy and attractive places68, to ensure that; • Good urban design principles are integrated into the layout and design of new development, as set out in Departmental Guidelines ’Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas’ and the ‘Design Manual for Urban Roads and Streets (DMURS)’ • Future development prioritises the need for people to be physically active in their daily lives and to promote walking and cycling in the design of streets and public spaces • New schools and workplaces are linked to walking and cycling networks • Exposure of children to the promotion of unhealthy foods is reduced such as the careful consideration of the location of fast food outlets in the vicinity of schools and parks • Provision of open space should consider types of recreation and amenity uses required • Public open spaces to have good connectivity and be accessible by safe, secure walking and cycling routes • Open space to be planned for on a multi-functional basis incorporating ecosystem services, climate change measures, Green Infrastructure and key landscape features in their design. Physical Infrastructure Provide good connectivity and infrastructure to attract investment and diversify local economies Strong inclusive communities Ensure good access to health, education and services for all ages, abilities and backgrounds Sustainable travel Prioritise walking, cycling and sustainable travel in the planning, layout and design of places Public realm Promote good urban design to create vibrant urban centres and attractive, safe and accessible public spaces Sense of place Promote arts, culture and heritage led regeneration as key to our identity and the character of places Recreation and open space Provide access to nature and green spaces, and play and active recreation opportunities Healthy Placemaking Improve both physical and social infrastructure to create places that are healthy and attractive to live, work, visit and invest in… Figure 9.2 Healthy Placemaking Stategy 205Quality of Life
- REGIONAL POLICY OBJECTIVES: Healthy Placemaking RPO 9.10 In planning for the creation of healthy and attractive places, there is a need to provide alternatives to the car and to prioritise and promote cycling and walking in the design of streets and public spaces. Local authorities shall have regard to the Guiding Principles for ‘Healthy Placemaking’ and ‘Integration of Land Use and Transport’ as set out in the RSES and to national policy as set out in ‘Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas’ and the ‘Design Manual for Urban Roads and Streets (DMURS)’. RPO 9.11: Local authorities shall support the preparation of Design Guidelines to provide for improvements in the appearance of streetscapes and for revitalising spaces for example with cost effective, temporary uses that build on the longer-term vision for space. RPO 9.12: In Planning policy formulation and implementation local authorities and other stakeholders shall be informed by the need to cater for all levels of disability, through the appropriate mitigation of the built environment, and in particular for the needs of an ageing population. RPO 9.13: Local authorities and relevant agencies shall ensure that new social infrastructure developments are accessible and inclusive for a range of users by adopting a universal design approach and provide for an age friendly society in which people of all ages can live full, active, valued and healthy lives. 69 https://gbihealthireland.com/ Recreation and Open Space The focus on compact growth and increased densities in urban areas will require a greater alignment between the development of communities and the provision and planning of open space to provide for the recreational and amenity needs of communities. The RSES supports the preparation of open space and parks strategies by local authorities, and for enhanced cross boundary collaboration to provide for a hierarchy of open space provision including regional scale open space and recreational facilities. Recreation infrastructure and green spaces which are attractive, rich in biodiversity and well connected are shown to contribute to improved physical and mental health. It is important to consider green space within a holistic framework as it can be enhanced through other means in the built environment including the quality of the surrounding environment, density of residences, land-use mix, connectedness and walkability. The presence of green spaces also has a role to play in reducing air pollution, mitigating floods, protecting wildlife and improving building energy performance. Research shows that access to green spaces (parks, forests, fields, trees, etc.) and blues spaces (rivers, canals, lakes, coasts) also have clear health benefits. These green and blue spaces can be called green and blue infrastructure (GBI), see Case Study ‘GBI Health’69. Green infrastructure in all its forms and multifunctionality is addressed in Chapter 7 Environment and Climate. CASE STUDY: GBI Health Research has shown that people in areas with more GBI (Green and Blue Infrastructure) tend to be healthier. GBI Health is a research project by NUI Maynooth, University College Dublin and the Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly that applied a health led approach to examine the strength of the effect that different types of GBI e.g. rivers versus parks, can have on human health. This research carried out an audit of Irish health data to identify areas of low and high health outcomes and used GIS mapping to determine what types of GBI were present at multiple scales (neighbourhood to region). The results of the spatial analysis and statistical modelling confirmed associations of good health outcomes with the presence of GBI and associations of poor health outcomes with lower levels of GBI. The results found stronger associations with green rather than with blue space. 206 Regional Spatial & Economic Strategy
- GUIDING PRINCIPLES In planning for recreation and open space local authorities should follow these Guiding Principles: • Facilitate a sufficient supply of good quality sports and recreation facilities, including networks for walking, cycling and other activities and shall maximise the multiple use of such facilities by encouraging the co-location of services between sports providers, schools, colleges and other community facilities. • Support play policies to address the play and recreation needs of children and young people and ensure the integration of play provision and child-friendly neighbourhoods. • Provide for the development of dedicated youth spaces in key urban areas and the development of multifunction spaces in smaller communities / rural areas. REGIONAL POLICY OBJECTIVES: Recreation and Open Space RPO 9.14: Local authorities shall seek to support the planned provision of easily accessible social, community, cultural and recreational facilities and ensure that all communities have access to a range of facilities that meet the needs of the communities they serve. RPO 9.15: Local authorities shall support the vision and objectives of the National Sports Policy, including working with local sports partnerships, clubs, communities and partnerships within and beyond sport, to increase sport and physical activity participation levels locally. RPO 9.16: Local authorities shall support the objectives of public health policy including Healthy Ireland and the National Physical Activity Plan, through integrating such policies, where appropriate and at the applicable scale, with planning policies contained in development plans. RPO 9.17: To support local authorities in the development of regional scale Open Space and Recreational facilities particularly those close to large or growing population centres in the Region. 207Quality of Life
- 9.5 Social and Economic Opportunity Social Inclusion is a key objective at national and local level. It refers to the way in which all persons in a community are integrated in an equal manner by reducing barriers to social inclusion for example belonging to a jobless household; being a lone parent; having a disability; being homeless or affected by housing exclusion; and belonging to an ethnic minority. 70 https://www.pobal.ie/app/uploads/2018/06/The-2016-Pobal-HP-Deprivation-Index-Introduction-07.pdf Europe 2020 includes targets to reduce the number of people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion. People are living in poverty if their income and resources (material, cultural and social) are so inadequate as to preclude them from having a standard of living which is regarded as acceptable by Irish society generally. As a result of inadequate income and resources people may be excluded and marginalised from participating in activities which are considered the norm for other people in society. There is a clear link between health and social class with selfreported rates of good health much lower in areas of social disadvantage. The Trutz Haase deprivation index identifies pockets of affluence and deprivation in the Region70. Figure 9.3 shows the Pobal HP Deprivation Index scores for the Region. Education and skills are closely related to employment opportunities. The level of third level educational attainment can be seen as an indicator of the economic potential of a place as the proximity of a suitably skilled labour force is a key determinant for the location of businesses. The total population with a third level education residing in the Region is nearly 37%, above the State average (33%), however there are clear regional differences between the Midland (26%) and Dublin counties (41%). EU 2020 sets targets of at least 40% of 30-34 year olds completing third level. The Economic Strategy of the RSES seeks to promote the creation of quality jobs that support a decent standard of living and afford economic security. Additional social inclusion measures are required to ensure that everyone is able to benefit and access economic opportunities across the Region. Local Economic and Community Plans (LECPs) The Local Government Reform Act 2014, gave local authorities an expanded economic role including the preparation and adoption of LECPs. For the first time, LECPs require the integration of local economic and community development activities to promote economic and social opportunities for citizens and communities. The first round of six year LECPs, launched in 2016, are overseen by Local Community Development Committees (LCDCs) and seek to facilitate collaboration between the public sector, agencies and business sector as well as the community and voluntary sector. LECPs highlight a number of local policy and actions to provide opportunities for participation by marginalised communities and social groups at risk of exclusion. It is important that local authorities work collaboratively with service providers and stakeholders including the local community through LCDCs and the LECPs to identify social infrastructure needs and set out an agreed programme of social infrastructure provision with key stakeholders involved in that process. In the formulation of LECPs local authorities should consider demographic trends and patterns when carrying out an assessment of the need for social infrastructure to consider the impact of factors such as an ageing population and the resulting demand for facilities. 208 Regional Spatial & Economic Strategy
- Social Enterprise A Social Enterprise is an enterprise whose main objective is to achieve a social impact71 and many social enterprises have emerged from the community and voluntary sector. Access to services is key to addressing social exclusion and inequality, and an increasing array of local support services are being developed in collaboration with Social Enterprise, such as homecare, employment activation, environmental services, and social housing. 71 Social Enterprises are defined as enterprises that; trade for a social/societal purpose; earn at least part of their income from trading activity; are separate from government; re-invest surplus to pursue the social objective (Forfas, 2013.) 72 www.avahousing.ie Objectives to support social enterprises are set out in many local authorities’ LECPs, with further supports and services provided by Local Enterprise Offices (LEOs), which act as a ‘first stop shop’ for those in business or starting a business, including social enterprises, subject to certain criteria. The Department of Rural and Community Development (DRCD) is preparing a national social enterprise policy for Ireland. Refer also to Chapter 6 Economy and Employment – Drivers for Resilient, Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Growth. CASE STUDY: Ava Housing Ava Housing, formerly the Abhaile project is a scheme for older homeowners to reconfigure their family-sized homes, creating a new rental unit within the house. This social enterprise provides project management and support services from the initial adaption works to managing and collecting of rent on behalf of the homeowner. The Ava Housing72 model addresses two key housing needs; enabling older homeowners, some of which are at risk of social exclusion, to remain in their homes and communities by future-proofing the home and providing for a better standard of living; and generating new affordable single occupancy rental capacity from our existing housing stock which can provide access to jobs, transport and public services. The scheme was awarded a Social Enterprise Grant Scheme, drawn down under the Dublin City Local Enterprise Office (LEO), and won the Homes for Smart Ageing Universal Design Challenge under the Rebuliding Ireland Programme. REGIONAL POLICY OBJECTIVES: Social and Economic Opportunity RPO 9.18: Support the implementation of local authority Local Economic and Community Plans, in collaboration with Local Community Development Committees (LCDCs) and through the use of spatial planning policies, to seek to reduce the number of people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion in the Region. RPO 9.19: EMRA shall work collaboratively with stakeholders including the wide range of service providers through the LECPs to effectively plan for social infrastructure needs. 209Quality of Life
- Figure 9.3 Pobal HP Deprivation Index 210 Regional Spatial & Economic Strategy
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