Development plan · Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Development Plan 2022–2028 – Written Statement
The council's development plan written statement: its strategy, policies, objectives and development standards. Variations adopted since are not in this text.
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council · 2022–2028 · 380 pages
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- contribution that the County is likely to make in terms of large scale renewable energy development in the form of offshore wind farm development and/ or associated hybrid technologies. The role of DLR in the promotion of measures to reduce GHG emissions, in terms of offshore wind and wave relates to promoting enabling infrastructure such as grid facilities on the land side of any renewable energy proposals of the offshore wind resource. The Council supports the ‘Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan’ (OREDP) published in 2014 by the Department of Communications Energy and Natural Resources, in the progressive development of Ireland’s offshore renewable energy potential and will cooperate with state and semistate agencies in relation to the implementation of projects in the Irish Sea. The Council supports the “National Marine Planning Framework” (2021, DHLGH). See also Section 8.5.1 Policy Objective GIB7: National Marine Planning Framework. 3.4.2.3 Policy Objective CA12: Small-Scale Wind Energy Schemes It is a Policy Objective to encourage small-scale wind energy developments and support small community-based proposals provided they do not negatively impact upon the environmental quality or amenity of the area, as a renewable energy resource which can contribute to the transition to a low carbon climate resilient County. Central Government support to such small-scale renewable residential energy projects is implicit in the various planning exemptions provided for under the Planning and Development Regulations 2001, as amended. DLR County Council will encourage domestic households and commercial premises in appropriate locations to install micro wind energy units. 3.4.2.4 Policy Objective CA13: Solar Energy Infrastructure It is a Policy Objective to encourage and support the development of solar energy infrastructure, including photo voltaic (PV) and solar thermal and seasonal storage facilities infrastructure in appropriate locations, as a renewable energy resource which can contribute to the transition to a low carbon climate resilient County. It is also a policy objective to support Ireland’s renewable energy commitments by facilitating utility scale PV installations for the production of electricity provided they do not negatively impact upon the environmental quality, amenity or heritage of the area. Solar PV converts the sun’s radiation into electricity to help move away from carbon based electricity generation and Solar thermal converts the sun’s radiation into heat, to use for residential and commercial space heating and hot water. The Plan supports the growth in solar photovoltaics and solar thermal use in the County. Roof space that is free from shading, roof mounted plant and flat or in the case of a pitched roof has a general southerly orientation (within 90° of due south) would be suitable for solar. Planning exemptions are set out in the Planning and Development Regulations 2001, as amended for small scale solar thermal and PV. Utility scale solar usually consist of ground mounted solar panels and supplies the electricity grid directly. Locations that may be suitable for these uses include lands zoned with the Land Use Zoning Objective, “B: to protect and improve rural amenity and provide for the development of agriculture” and “GB: to protect and enhance the open nature of lands between urban areas”. 3.4.2.5 Policy Objective CA14: Energy Storage Systems It is Policy Objective to support the use of efficient energy storage systems and infrastructure that supports energy efficiency and reusable energy system optimization, in accordance with proper planning and sustainable development when these are undertaken in an environmentally acceptable manner. The Government’s national ‘Climate Action Plan 2021 Securing Our Future’ notes that “A range of supporting measures will also be needed to enable this transformation of the electricity generation sector. These will include providing the conventional capacity that will be essential to ensure the security of the system, grid investments, interconnectors, and storage facilities” (page 97)..” 3.4.2.6 Policy Objective CA15: District Heating It is a Policy Objective to support the development of district heat networks and the utilisation of waste heat recovery in the County as a renewable or low energy resource which can contribute to the transition to a low carbon climate resilient County. The Planning Authority will support the development of a Council wide District Heat policy following on from the forthcoming National Policy Framework for District Heat. (Consistent with RPO 7.38 of the RSES) A district heating scheme consists of an insulated pipe network, which allows heat generated from a single or several larger centralised source(s) (energy 63Climate ActionChapter 3
- centres) to be delivered to multiple buildings to provide space heating and hot water. District heating is independent of the heat source and has the inherent flexibility to utilise multiple, diverse, locally available, renewable and low-carbon heat sources. District heating can also allow waste heat (e.g. from electricity generation, industrial processes, hospitals etc.) which is often lost, to be captured and used to supply heat to homes and businesses, reducing the need to consume further fuel and significantly reducing carbon emissions and the cost of heat. The Council will seek to support the advancement of district heating within the County. The ‘National Climate Action Plan 2019’ refers to the following actions being taken to further the uptake of district heating in the Country: M “Develop a national policy framework for district heating, which covers the key areas of regulation, planning, financing and research; M Use the two district heating pilot schemes to develop experience and knowledge that can promote and inform further schemes nationwide to facilitate greater uptake of district heating through self-financed heat networks; M Ensure the potential of district heating is considered in all new developments and in particular in SDZs; M Identify a set of potential early mover projects beyond the first two pilot schemes”. RPO 7.38 of the RSES requests that Local Authorities consider the issue of heat mapping to support development which can deliver energy efficiency and recovery of energy, carry out a feasibility assessment for district heat and identify local waste heat sources. Codema has carried out a feasibility assessment for district heating to identify local waste heat sources in the County which indicates that several areas have potential. Following the development of a formal National Policy Framework for district heating, which will be informed by the lessons learned from the two ongoing national pilot schemes, further work will be required at a Council wide level to develop a comprehensive district heating policy. 3.4.3 Decarbonising Motorised Transport Decarbonising motorised transport is one of the ways DLR as a County can move towards an overall sustainable transport strategy. Transport is another key area of the DLR CCAP. Actions which are set out in the CCAP include increasing the number of electric vehicles along with the promotion of active travel and behavioural change. The ‘DLR Baseline Emissions Report’ reported that transports accounts for 33.2 % of GHG emissions in DLR. Whilst it is acknowledged that Low Emission Vehicles (LEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) are not the modes of transportation with the lowest emission levels, the Planning Authority are supportive of the transition away from the dependence on fossil fuel propelled vehicles to LEVs and EVs. Policy with regard to the other transport modes is set out in Chapter 5. The ‘avoid-shiftimprove’ policy approach is adopted in Chapter Figure 3.2: Passenger Transport Mode Hierarchy for Dublin 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Transport Mode gCO2 per Passenger-km On Foot Bike E-bike DART Luas Dublin Bus Battery EV Diesel Train Plug-in Hybrid EV CNG Car Motorcycle Diesel Car LPG Car Petrol Car MPV 4x4 Source: Codema 2020 64dlrcoco | County Development Plan 2022-2028
- 5, which has the aim to reduce congestion, create more liveable cities and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 3.4.3.1 Policy Objective CA16: Low Emission Vehicles It is a Policy Objective to support and facilitate the rollout of alternative low emission fuel infrastructure through the Development Management process, prioritising electric vehicle infrastructure. The National Policy Framework on Alternative Fuels Infrastructure for Transport in Ireland 2017 to 2030 sets a target that by 2030 all new cars and vans sold in Ireland will be zero emissions (or zero emissions capable). A Low Emissions Vehicles (LEV) Taskforce has been established to assess the range of measures and options available to Government to help accelerate the deployment of alternative technologies, focusing first on electric vehicles. Developing and expanding the infrastructure for alternatively fuelled vehicles will be a vital step in encouraging consumers to make more environmentally friendly transport choices. Consideration should be given to the need for low emission fuel infrastructure in development proposals for new and or refurbished service stations. (See also Section 12.6.7 Service Stations). 3.4.3.2 Policy Objective CA17: Electric Vehicles It is a Policy Objective to support, the Government’s Electric Transport Programme by progressively electrifying our mobility systems by facilitating the rollout of Electric Powered Vehicle Recharging Parking Bays across the County and on public roads and other suitable location. The provision of e-bike chargers will be supported subject to the availability of Funding. (Consistent with NSO 4 of the NPF and RPO 7.42 of RSES) The national ‘Climate Action Plan 2021 Securing Our Future’ has ambitious targets for the uptake of electric vehicles (EVs), with a target of having 945,000 EVs on the road by 2030, including 845,000 cars, 95,000 electric vans, 3,500 low emitting trucks and 1,500 electric buses. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer an increasingly realistic solution to the challenge of reducing the transport sector’s GHGs, increasing the use of renewable energy in transport and reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels. Since the adoption of the 2016 County Development Plan, DLR has been trialling electric charging points on street lamps. It is Council policy to expand the network of public EV charging points, through the use of the public lighting network, where feasible, and at other on-street or public parking locations subject to the availability of funding. DLR in conjunction with other Local Authorities in the Dublin Region are developing a strategy to provide for public electric vehicle charging infrastructure at on-street locations, in support of the Government Strategy on electric vehicles and use of alternative fuels – National Policy Framework on Alternative Fuels Infrastructure for Transport for Ireland 2017 to 2030 (See also Section 12.4.11 Electrically Operated Vehicles). The growth of E-bikes is recognised as an important means of encouraging alternatives to the private car, increasing journey length by bike and reducing GHG emissions. E-bikes are also opening up cycling as a transport mode for the disabled, elderly and families. E-cargo bikes also have a role to play in reducing commercial vehicles in the County. 3.4.4 Urban Greening Urban greening is the provision of planting, including trees, in urban areas and can include small pocket parks in between buildings, living/ green walls and green roofs. Urban greening creates mutually beneficial relationships between the population and the environment. Art work by Kim Doyeon, St Andrew’s Junior School 65Climate ActionChapter 3
- 3.4.4.1 Policy Objective CA18: Urban Greening It is a Policy Objective to retain and promote urban greening - as an essential accompanying policy to compact growth - which supports the health and wellbeing of the living and working population, building resilience to climate change whilst ensuring healthy placemaking. Significant developments shall include urban greening as a fundamental element of the site and building design incorporating measures such as high quality biodiverse landscaping (including tree planting), nature based solutions to SUDS and providing attractive routes and facilities for the pedestrian and cyclist (Consistent with RPO 7.6, 7.22, 7.23, 9.10 of the RSES). The ecosystem services from urban greening include the direct and indirect contributions to human wellbeing. A key action of the ‘EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030’ recognises that: “Green urban spaces, from parks and gardens to green roofs and urban farms, provide a wide range of benefits for people. They also provide opportunities for businesses and a refuge for nature. They reduce air, water and noise pollution, provide protection from flooding, droughts and heat waves, and maintain a connection between humans and nature”. The EU strategy also emphasises that investing in nature protection and restoration will also be critical for Europe’s economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing green infrastructure can help to off-set the GHGs from new development and act as carbon sinks. There is a need to balance compact growth with a greener public realm and the greening of buildings (such as living/green roofs and living/ green walls). This will reduce the heat island effect in the built up parts of the County and provide some of the benefits of traditional parks and open spaces outside of parks. (See also policy objectives in Chapter 8). The Council supports the expansion of urban meadows within the County, in accordance with the approach set out in the All Ireland Pollinator Plans. The approach to green infrastructure and nature based solutions is evolving in terms of both policy and practise, one example of such is the use of Biotope Area Factor (BAF) or Green Factor Method. This type of approach is used in a number of cities such as Berlin, Seattle, Toronto, Malmö, Southampton and Helsinki and more recently in the Draft Greater London Area Plan (referred to as the urban greening factor). The goal of this approach is to mitigate the effects of construction by maintaining sufficient levels of green infrastructure while enhancing the quality of the remaining vegetation. This method provides a means to assess and develop ways to build an ecological, climateresistant and dense city in which the social values of urban greening are a priority. The ‘Green Factor Approach” can be considered to be an extension of the Sustainable Drainage Systems approach. This type of approach is compatible with the approach set out in Policy Objective E16: Sustainable Drainage Systems and Appendix 7 Sustainable Drainage Systems with the objective of minimising flows to the public drainage system and maximise local infiltration to them. There are additional co-benefits consistent with the ecosystems services approach urban greening and numerous Policy Objectives in Chapters 8, 9, 12, and Appendix 14: Green Infrastructure Strategy. It is considered appropriate during the plan period to investigate developing a green factor method through a multi-disciplinary approach, subject to the availability of resources. Data on surface cover types can be collected from the storm water audit process (see 7.1.5 Storm Water Audit Procedure Appendix 7: Sustainable Drainage Systems). Section 3.4.4.2 Policy Objective CA19: Community Woodlands It is a policy objective to promote and support Community Woodland Schemes in line with government policy. Tree in South County Business Park 66dlrcoco | County Development Plan 2022-2028
- Neighbourhood - People, Homes and Place 4
- George’s Place, Dún Laoghaire68dlrcoco | County Development Plan 2022-2028 Artwork by Lucy Legge, Kill O’ the Grange National School
- 4.1 Introduction and National and Regional Context The National Planning Framework (NPF) and the Regional Spatial Economic Strategy (RSES) both focus on healthy placemaking and the creation of attractive, accessible neighbourhoods that have good access to appropriate ‘enabling’ social infrastructure. A core principle of the NPF is to “ensure a high standard quality of life to future residents as well as environmentally and socially sustainable housing and placemaking through integrated planning and consistently excellent design”. The NPF and RSES both promote the principle of compact urban development. In order to deliver on compact growth whilst ensuring a quality of life for residents in DLR, it is imperative that the County protects and enhances residential amenities through enabling the creation of vibrant, sustainable neighbourhoods with access to good housing choice, open space and recreation, a range of quality transport options and appropriate social and community infrastructure to support our residential communities. The five Strategic Outcomes that underpin the Plan: M Climate resilient County M Compact and connected County M Liveable County of Towns and Villages M Inclusive and heathy County M Vibrant economic County. are all components of sustainable neighbourhoods. With the move away from the private car and the growth of the digital economy, the importance of our local neighbourhood spatially meeting the needs of people’s lives is critical in creating a sense of belonging and achieving the Development Plan Vision. Within the Plan, the Core Strategy and the Housing Strategy quantify the residential unit numbers and employment land required, Chapter 7 ‘Towns, Villages and Retail Development’ explores floor space requirements and the retail hierarchy, Chapter 9 ‘Open Space, Parks and Recreation’ sets out the hierarchy of open space and future space requirements, and Chapter 5 ‘Mobility and Transport’ sets out policy objectives to reduce the reliance on the private car. It is the spatial planning of all of these elements and the social, educational, community, cultural and civic infrastructure that is provided and supported by public, voluntary, and private stakeholders that shape and impact the quality of our neighbourhoods and people’s lives. In recognition of the important supporting role played by social, educational, community, cultural and civic infrastructure, this Plan introduces a ‘Sustainable Neighbourhood Infrastructure’ (SNI) land use zoning objective that identifies existing facilities and services considered to be central to sustaining and building neighbourhoods. The synergies between ‘Sustainable Neighbourhood Infrastructure’ land use zoning, Neighbourhood Centres and the Open Space (F) zoning objective will ensure that there is commercial, social and recreational (open space) support located at the heart of our neighbourhoods. The proximity of complementary uses will aid in the delivery of successful sustainable communities and compact growth in the County. (Refer also to Chapter 9 ‘Open Space, Parks and Recreation’ for Policy Objectives relating to open space). This Chapter sets out the policy objectives aimed at creating and maintaining successful neighbourhoods and protecting residential amenities throughout DLR over the lifetime of this Development Plan, 2022- 2028. These policy objectives are set out across three sections under five themes aimed at ensuring that the people and the amenities they require are a priority, that the delivery of new homes is provided for in an appropriate and sustainable manner and that DLR becomes ‘the’ place to live, work and visit. Section Theme People 1. Sustainable Communities and Neighbourhood Infrastructure 2. Inclusion and Participation Homes 3. Delivering and Improving Homes 4. Housing Choice Place 5. Quality Design and Placemaking 4.1.1 Overarching Policy Objective PHP1: That increased delivery of housing throughout the County will be subject to the Strategic Policy Objective to: M Align with the provisions of the National Planning Framework and the Eastern and Midlands Regional Spatial and Economic Strategy. M Accord with the Core Strategy set out in Chapter 2, the Housing Strategy and Housing Needs Demand Assessment for the County in Appendix 2 and/or the provisions of the future Regional Housing Need Demand Assessment. M Embed the concept of neighbourhood and community into the spatial planning of the County by supporting and creating neighbourhoods and ensuring that residential development is delivered in tandem with the appropriate commensurate enabling infrastructure, including access to sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure, sustainable modes of transport, quality open space and recreation, and employment opportunities. 69Neighbourhood - People, Homes and PlaceChapter 4
- 4.2 People Place making is about people and a critical part of this is providing the environment to assist in the creation of successful communities and neighbourhoods. An inclusive planning system that promotes and facilitates a balance between the provision of additional housing units and protection and improvement of amenities will ensure that sustainability is central to an existing, or indeed, an emerging community. Places that enhance quality of life will in turn improve health and wellbeing. Figure 4.1, taken from the NPF, illustrates a number of elements that support quality of life. Quality of Life Material Living Conditions Economic and Physical Safety Overall Life Satisfaction Governance and Basic Rights Arts, Culture and Heritage Natural and Living Environment Leisure and Social Interactions Education Employment Health Bowls Club, Cualanor, Dún Laoghaire. Credit: Imageworks Photography on behalf of Cosgrave Group Figure 4.1: Quality of Life (NPF). 70dlrcoco | County Development Plan 2022-2028
- The Council has a long established and ongoing commitment to the delivery and improvement of social and community infrastructure throughout the County. DLR not only provides community, civic, cultural and recreational facilities but it also works with various stakeholders to ensure that social and well-being needs of the County are met. In working towards delivering viable and sustainable communities, it is important to ensure that the Plan is underpinned by policies and proposals that are fully socially inclusive and are consistent with overarching national guidance and policies in respect of social and community development, which are listed in Appendix 12. In seeking to secure a balanced social and community infrastructure in DLR, the broad objectives of the Plan will be: M To develop and support sustainable neighbourhoods into the future through the commensurate and proper integration of housing with appropriate sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure such as schools, recreational amenities, community facilities, healthcare and childcare facilities in accordance with the Guidelines, ‘Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas’ (2009). M To promote social inclusion and enhanced ‘quality of life’ through integrating the continued sustainable growth of DLR with sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure by ensuring the retention, provision and maintenance of well-considered and appropriate levels of social, community infrastructure that is readily accessible to all citizens of, and visitors to, the County. M To create vibrant, sustainable, inclusive, empowered and self-determining communities that support the social, cultural and economic well-being of all members. 4.2.1 Sustainable Communities and Neighbourhood Infrastructure Sustainable communities have been defined as ‘…areas where an efficient use of land, high quality urban design and effective integration in the provision of physical and social infrastructure such as public transport, schools, amenities and other facilities combine to create places where people want to live’, ‘Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas’ (2009). Common features of exemplar sustainable communities include: M Delivering a quality of life. M Delivering liveable neighbourhoods which are inclusive and cater to the needs of people in all stages of their lifecycle i.e. children, people of working age, older people, persons with disabilities. M Promoting the ’10-minute’ settlement concept, where a range of facilities and services are accessible in a short walking and cycling timeframe from homes or are accessible by high quality public transport located within a short walk from home. M Ensuring appropriate social infrastructure is provided when and where it is needed. M Promoting healthy placemaking. M Prioritising cycling, walking and public transport thus reducing the need to use the private car. M Promoting social integration with a diverse range of accommodation for different household types and age groups. M Providing homes capable of adapting to changing household needs in line with the principles of ‘Lifetime Homes’. M Presenting an attractive, high quality and wellmaintained appearance with a distinct sense of place and a quality public realm. M Creating spaces that are easy to access and navigate and that promote sustainable community and cultural activities. M Promoting the efficient use of land and of energy and minimising greenhouse gas emissions. M Providing a mix of appropriate land uses to minimise transport demand. M Enhancing and protecting the built and natural heritage. M Providing adaptability of homes to climate change, through good design. The provision of a sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure land use zoning objective aims to secure a wealth of existing facilities and services including, but not limited to, education, community cultural, civic, recreational facilities, healthcare and religious facilities. The County’s existing sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure is offering more than a building to house our schools, more than health centres or men’s sheds; rather, these facilities offer a wider social benefit to neighbourhoods as they frequently offer activities and social interaction opportunities beyond their primary function. Sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure is not simply contained at the local level, rather there is a hierarchy in terms of facilities and services with higher level facilities such as a hospital, institute of further education or theatre typically being located in a town centre and serving the entire County (and beyond), whilst a primary school, church or family resource usually serves a more localised neighbourhood or village. Policy objectives are set out below that relate to overall sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure, planning for communities and towns and villages 71Neighbourhood - People, Homes and PlaceChapter 4
- and then individual policy objectives relating to different neighbourhood infrastructure such as schools, childcare, higher education facilities, cultural uses and libraries. 4.2.1.1 Policy Objective PHP2: Sustainable Neighbourhood Infrastructure It is a Policy Objective to: M Protect and improve existing sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure as appropriate. M Facilitate the provision of new sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure that is accessible and inclusive for a range of users consistent with RPO 9.13 and RPO 9.14 of the RSES. M Encourage the provision of multi-functional facilities, space and lands in the delivery and/or improvement of sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure. Sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure is an umbrella term that, for the purposes of this Plan, includes land or buildings related to serving the needs of the local and wider community for social, educational, health, religious, recreational and leisure, cultural, and civic needs. Much of the existing sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure in the County offers a multi-faceted social function within neighbourhoods and provides an important role within communities. These facilities and services may be provided by public sector bodies, the community themselves or by the private sector. Existing facilities and their associated lands are identified on the accompanying Land Use Maps as ‘Objective SNI’ – “To protect, improve and encourage the provision of sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure” and/or Specific Local Objectives 10 and 22. The protection and/or improvement of existing sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure will be promoted through the development management process. In addition to the introduction of a land use objective that encompasses a broad range of sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure, a more focused Community Strategy will be carried out during the lifetime of this Plan. This Strategy will include an audit of community facilities and identify where new and/or improved community infrastructure should be provided across the County. The provision of multi-campus style or clustering of sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure will be encouraged on lands zoned Objective ‘SNI’. A mix of neighbourhood infrastructure will be promoted on lands zoned Objective ‘SNI’ and sharing of facilities will be encouraged where feasible. Improved accessibility within and between sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure sites and enhanced connectivity with adjoining, complementary land uses shall be demonstrated where development is proposed on lands zoned Objective ‘SNI’. The roll out of new neighbourhood infrastructure should not only match the requirements of existing neighbourhoods but should anticipate future development and emerging demographics. Such infrastructure may be required to serve a wider catchment and offer a level of flexibility in terms of design and usage. All new development should seek to improve access and integration with the local neighbourhood and wider community. 4.2.1.2 Policy Objective PHP3: Planning for Sustainable Communities It is a Policy Objective to: M Plan for communities in accordance with the aims, objectives and principles of ‘Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas’ and the accompanying ‘Urban Design Manual – A Best Practice Guide’ and any amendment thereof. M Ensure that an appropriate level of supporting neighbourhood infrastructure is provided or that lands are reserved for Sustainable Neighbourhood Infrastructure (SNI), in conjunction with, and as an integral component of, residential development in new residential communities as identified in the Core Strategy (see Figure 2.9, Chapter 2). M Identify, provide and/or improve (as appropriate) supporting sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure in tandem with residential development in renewal/ redevelopment areas and existing residential neighbourhoods. M Create healthy and attractive places to live consistent with NPO 4 of the NPF and RPO 9.10 of the RSES. As DLR grows and develops, it is considered reasonable that the developers or promoters of major residential or mixed-use schemes in new residential communities ensure that there is adequate provision for supporting sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure, be it in the form of site reservation or provision of facilities that will facilitate education, sports, recreation, community and any other required supporting infrastructure - commensurate with the needs of emerging communities. Specific requirements for sustainable neighbourhood infrastructure in new residential communities will primarily be incorporated into 72dlrcoco | County Development Plan 2022-2028
Source Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Development Plan 2022–2028 – Written Statement (2022–2028) · Licence the publisher's termsText read from the publisher’s PDF; tables, maps and drawings do not survive as text, and page numbers are the PDF’s (its first page is 1). Check the original before relying on a passage.